Library of the Cosmogenesis in Quantum Relativity

The stability of stars is a function of the equilibrium condition, which balances the inward pull of gravity with the outward pressure of the thermodynamic energy or enthalpy of the star (H=PV+U).

The Jeans Mass MJ and the Jeans Length RJ a used to describe the stability conditions for collapsing molecular hydrogen clouds to form stars say, are well known in the scientific data base, say in formulations such as:

MJ=3kTR/2Gm for a Jeans Length of:

RJ=√{15kT/(4πρGm)}=R_j =√(kT/Gnm²).

Now the Ideal Gas Law of basic thermodynamics states that the internal pressure P and Volume of such an ideal gas are given by

PV=nRIGT=NkT

for n moles of substance being the Number N of molecules (say) divided by Avogadro's Constant L in n=N/L .

Since the Ideal Gas Constant RIG divided by Avogadro's Constant L and defines Boltzmann's Constant k=RIG/L.

Now the statistical analysis of kinetic energy KE of particles in motion in a gas (say) gives a root-mean-square velocity (rms) and the familiar 2.KE=mv²(rms) from the distribution of individual velocities v in such a system.

It is found that PV=(2/3)N.KE as a total system described by the v(rms).

Now set the KE equal to the Gravitational PE=GMm/R for a spherical gas cloud and you get the Jeans Mass.

(3/2N).(NkT)=GMm/R with m the mass of a nucleon or Hydrogen atom and M=MJ=3kTR/2Gm as stated.

The Jeans' Length is the critical radius of a cloud (typically a cloud of interstellar dust) where thermal energy, which causes the cloud to expand, is counteracted by gravity, which causes the cloud to collapse. It is named after the British astronomer Sir James Jeans, who first derived the quantity; where k is Boltzmann's constant, T is the temperature of the cloud, r is the radius of the cloud, μ is the mass per particle in the cloud, G is the Gravitational Constant and ρ is the cloud's mass density (i.e. the cloud's mass divided by the cloud's volume).

Now following the Big Bang, there were of course no gas clouds in the early expanding universe and the Jeans formulations are not applicable to the mass seedling Mo; in the manner of the Jeans formulations as given.

However, the universe's dynamics is in the form of the expansion parameter of GR and so the R(n)=Rmax(n/(n+1)) scalefactor of Quantum Relativity.

So we can certainly analyse this expansion in the form of the Jeans Radius of the first protostars, which so obey the equilibrium conditions and equations of state of the much later gas clouds, for which the Jeans formulations then apply on a say molecular level.

This analysis so defines the ylemic neutron stars as protostars and the first stars in the cosmogenesis and the universe.

Let the thermal internal energy or ITE=H be the outward pressure in equilibrium with the gravitational potential energy of GPE=Ω.

^{The Nuclear Density in terms of the superbrane
parameters is ρcritical=}^{mc/Vcritical with mc the base nucleon (ylemic neutron) mass.}

^{Vcritical=4π}^{Re³/3 or the volume of the ylemic neutron as given by the classical electron radius as superbrane quantisation/magnification
and for}^{Re=10^10.λw/360=e*/2c².}

^{H=(molarity)kT for molarity in volumes as N=(R/Re)³ for}^{dH=3kTR²/Re³.}

Ω(R)= -∫GMdm/R = -{3Gmc²/(Re³)²}∫R^4.dR= -3Gmc².R^5/Re^6 for

dm/dR=d(ρV)/dR=4πρ.R² and for ρ=3mc/4πRe³.

So dΩ(R)=-3Gmc².R^4/(Re³)²=-16π²ρ²G.R^4/3.

^{For equilibrium}^{the
condition is that dH=dΩ as the minimum condition dH+dΩ=0.}

^{This gives: dH+dΩ=3kTR²/Re³-16Gπ²ρ².R^4/3=0 and the ylemic radius as:}

^{Rylem =√(kT.Re³/Gomc²)}^{as the Jeans Length precursor or progenitor.}

^{The ylemic (Jeans) radii are all independent of
the mass of the star as a function of its nuclear generated temperature.}^{Applied to the protostars of the neutron matter or ylem, the radii are all neutron star radii
and define a specific range of radii for the range of gravitational collapse.}

^{This spans from the 'First three minutes' scenario
of the cosmogenesis to 1.1 million seconds or about 13 days and encompasses the ordinary beta decay of the neutron (underpinning
radioactivity).}

^{The upper limit defines a trillion degree temperature and
a radius of over 40 km, the typical Schwarzschild solution defines a typical ylem radius of so 7.4 km and the lower limit
defines the 'mysterious' planetesimal limit as 1.8 km.}

^{For long a cosmological conundrum, it could not be
modelled just how the molecular and electromagnetic forces applicable to conglomerate matter particles (say hydrogen
gas as dust) on the quantum scale of molecules could become strong enough to form say 1km mass concentrations, required
for 'ordinary' gravity to assume control.}

^{The ylem radii's lower limit defined in this
cosmology show, that it is the ylemic temperature of then 1.2 billion degrees K, which performs the trick under the Ylem-Jeans
formula, which is then applied to the normal collapse of hydrogenic atoms in summation.}

The stellar evolution from the ylemic(dineutronic) templates is well established in QR and confirms most of the Standard Model's ideas of nucleosynthesis and the general Temperature cosmology. The standard model is correct in the temperature assignment, but is amiss in the corresponding 'size-scales' for the cosmic expansion.

The Big Bang cosmogenesis describes the universe as a Planck-Black Body Radiator, which sets the Cosmic-Microwave-Black Body Background Radiation Spectrum (CMBBR) as a function of n as T^4=18.2(n+1)²/n³ and derived from the Stefan-Boltzmann-Law and the related statistical frequency distributions.

We have the GR metric for Schwarzschild-Black Hole Evolution as RS=2GM/c² as a function of the star's Black Hole's mass M and we have the ylemic Radius as a function of temperasture only as Rylem=√(kT.Re³/Gomc²).

The nucleonic mass-seed mc=Planck-Mass(mPlanck).Alpha^9 and Gomc² is constant in the partitioned n-evolution of mc(n)=Y^n.mc and G(n)=Go.X^n.

Identifying the ylemic Radius with the Schwarzschild Radius then indicates a specific mass a specific temperature and a specific radius.

Those we call the Chandrasekhar Parameters:

MChandra=1.5 solar Masses=3x10^30 kg and RChandra=2GoMChandra/c² or 7407.40704..metres, which is the typical neutron star radius inferred today.

TChandra=RChandra².Gomc²/kRe³ =1.985x10^10 K for Electron Radius Re and Boltzmann's Constant k.

Those Chandrasekhar parameters then define a typical neutron star with a uniform temperature of 20 billion K at the white dwarf limit of ordinary stellar nucleosynthetic evolution (Hertzsprung-Russell or HR-diagram).

The Radius for the massparametric Universe is given in R(n)=Rmax(1-n/(n+1)) correlating the ylemic temperatures as the 'uniform' CMBBR-background and we can follow the evolution of the ylemic radius via the approximation:

Rylem=0.05258..√T=(0.0753).[(n+1)²/n³]^[1/8]

Rylem(npresent=1.1324..)=0.0868 m* for a Tylem(npresent)=2.73 K for the present time tpresent=npresent/Ho.

What is nChandra?

This would describe the size of the universe as the uniform temperature CMBBR today manifesting as the largest stars, mapped however onto the ylemic neutron star evolution as the protostars (say as nChandra'), defined not in manifested mass (say neutron conglomerations), but as a quark-strange plasma, (defined in QR as the Vortex-Potential-Energy or VPE).

R(nChandra')=Rmax(nChandra'/(nChandra'+1))=7407.40741.. for nChandra'=4.64x10^-23 and so a time of tChandra'=nChandra'/Ho=nChandra'/1.88x10^-18=2.47x10^-5 seconds.

QR defines the Weyl-Temperature limit for Bosonic Unification as 1.9 nanoseconds at a temperature of 1.4x10^20 Kelvin and the weak-electromagnetic unification at 1/365 seconds at T=3.4x10^15 K.

So we place the first ylemic protostar after the bosonic unification (before which the plenum was defined as undifferentiated 'bosonic plasma'), but before the electro-weak unification, which defined the Higgs-Bosonic restmass induction via the weak interaction vector-bosons and allowing the dineutrons to be born.

The universe was so 15 km across, when its ylemic 'concentrated' VPE-Temperature was so 20 Billion K and we find the CMBBR in the Stefan-Boltzmann-Law as T^4=18.20(n+1)²/n³ =1.16x10^17 Kelvin. So the thermodynamic temperature for the expanding universe was so 5.85 Million times greater than the ylemic VPE-Temperature; and implying that no individual ylem stars could yet form from the mass seedling Mo. The universe's expansion however cooled the CMBBR background and we to calculate the scale of the universe corresponding to this ylemic scenario; we simply calculate the 'size' for the universe at TChandra=20 Billion K for TChandra^4 and we then find nChandra=4.89x10^-14 and tChandra=26,065 seconds or so 7.24 hours.

The Radius R(nChandra)=7.81x10^12 metres or 7.24 lighthours.

This is about 52 Astronomical Units and an indicator for the largest possible star in terms of radial extent and the 'size' of a typical solar system, encompassed by supergiants on the HR-diagram.

We so know that the ylemic temperature decreases in direct proportion to the square of the ylemic radius and one hitherto enigmatic aspect in cosmology relates to this in the planetesimal limit. Briefly, a temperature of so 1.2 billion degrees defines an ylemic radius of 1.8 km as the dineutronic limit for proto-neutron stars contracting from so 80 km down to this size just 1.1 million seconds or so 13 days after the Big Bang.

This then 'explains' why chunks of matter can conglomerate via molecular and other adhesive interactions towards this size, where then the accepted gravity is strong enough to build planets and moons. It works, because the ylemic template is defined in subatomic parameters reflecting the mesonic-inner and leptonic outer ring boundaries, the planetesimal limit being the leptonic mapping. So neutrino- and quark blueprints micromacro dance their basic definition as the holographic projections of the spacetime quanta.

Now because the Electron Radius is directly proportional to the linearised wormhole perimeter and then the Compton Radius via Alpha in ^{Re=10^10.λw/360=e*/2c²=Alpha.Rc, the Chandrasekhar White Dwarf Limit
should be doubled to reflect the protonic diameter mirrored in the classical electron radius.}

Hence any star experiencing electron degeneracy is actually becoming YLEMIC or DINEUTRONIC, the boundary for this process being the Chandrasekhar mass. This represents the subatomic mapping of the first Bohr orbit collapsing onto the leptonic outer ring in the quarkian wave-geometry.

But this represents the Electron Radius as a Protonic Diameter and the Protonic Radius must then indicate the limit for the scale where proton degeneracy would have to enter the scenario. As the proton cannot degenerate in that way, the neutron star must enter Black Hole phasetransition at the Re/2 scale, corresponding to a mass of 8MChandra=24x10^30 kg* or 12 solar masses.

The maximum ylemic radius so is found from the constant density proportion ρ=M/V:

(Rylemmax/Re)³=MChandra/mc for Rylemmax=40.1635 km.

The corresponding ylemic temperature is 583.5 Billion K for a CMBBR-time of 287 seconds or so 4.8 minutes from a n=5.4x10^-16, when the universe had a diameter of so 173 Million km.

But for a maximum nuclear compressibility for the protonic radius, we find:

(Rylemmax/Re)³=8MChandra/mc for Rylemmax=80.327 km, a ylemic temperature of 2,334 Billion K for a n-cycletime of 8.5x10^-17 and a CMBBR-time of so 45 seconds and when the universe had a radius of 13.6 Million km or was so 27 Million km across.

The first ylemic protostar vortex was at that time manifested as the ancestor for all neutron star generations to follow. This vortex is described in a cosmic string encircling a spherical region so 160 km across and within a greater universe of diameter 27 Million km which carried a thermodynamic temperature of so 2.33 Trillion Kelvin at that point in the cosmogenesis.

This vortex manifested as a VPE concentration after the expanding universe had cooled to allow the universe to become transparent from its hitherto defining state of opaqueness and a time known as the decoupling of matter (in the form of the Mo seedling partitioned in mc's) from the radiation pressure of the CMBBR photons.

The temperature for the decoupling is found in the galactic scale-limit modular dual to the wormhole geodesic as λw=10^22 metres or so 1.06 Million ly and its luminosity attenuation in the 1/e proportionality for then 388,879 lightyears as a decoupling time ndc. A maximum galactic halo limit is modulated in 2πλw metres in the linearisation of the Planck-length encountered before in an earlier discussion.

R(ndc)=Rmax(ndc/(ndc+1))=10^22 metres for ndc=6.26x10^-5 and so for a CMBBR-Temperature of about T=2935 K for a galactic protocore then attenuated in so 37% for ndcmin=1.0x10^-6 for R=λw/2π and ndcmax=3.9x10^-4 for R=2πλw and for temperatures of so 65,316 K and 744 K respectively, descriptive of the temperature modulations between the galactic cores and the galactic halos.

So a CMBBR-temperature of so 65,316 K at a time of so 532 Billion seconds or 17,000 years defined the initialisation of the VPE and the birth of the first ylemic protostars as a decoupling minimum. The ylemic mass currents were purely monopolic and known as superconductive cosmic strings, consisting of nucleonic neutrons, each of mass mc.

If we assign this timeframe to the maximised ylemic radius and assign our planetesimal limit of fusion temperature 1.2 Billion K as a corresponding minimum; then this planetesimal limit representing the onset of stellar fusion in a characteristic temperature, should indicate the first protostars at a temperature of the CMBBR of about 744 Kelvin.

The universe had a tremperature of 744 K for ndcmax=3.9x10^-4 for R=2πλw and this brings us to a curvature radius of so 6.6 Million lightyears and an 'ignition-time' for the first physical ylemic neutron stars as first generation protostars of so 7 Million years after the Big Bang.

The important cosmological consideration is that of distance-scale modulation.

The Black Hole Schwarzschild metric is the inverse of the galactic scale metric.

The linearisation of the Planck-String as the Weyl-Geodesic and so the wormhole radius in the curvature radius R(n) is modular dual and mirrored in inversion in the manifestation of galactic structure with a nonluminous halo a luminous attenuated diameter-bulge and a superluminous (quasar or White Hole Core).

The core-bulge ratio will so reflect the eigenenergy quantum of the wormhole as heterotic Planck-Boson-String or as the magnetocharge as 1/500, being the mapping of the Planck-Length-Bounce as e=lP.c²√Alpha onto the electron radius in e*=2Re.c².

Tony B.

Consider the universe's thermodynamic expansion to proceed at an initializing time to from a single spacetime quantum wirth a quantized toroidal volume 2π²rw³ and where rw is the characteristic wormhole radius for this basic building unit for a quantized universe (say in string parameters given in the Planck scale and its transformations).

At a time tG, say so 18.85 minutes later, the count of spacetime quanta can be said to be 9.677x10^102 for a universal 'total hypersphere radius' of about rG=3.39x10^11 m and for a G-Hypersphere volume of so 7.69x10^35 cubicmetres.

{This radius is about 2.3 Astronomical Units (AU's) and about the distance of the Asteroid Belt from the syar Sol in a typical (our) solar system.}

19 seconds later; a F-Hypersphere radius is about rF=3.45x10^11 m for a F-count of so 1.02x10^103 spacetime quanta.

We also define an E-Hypersphere radius at rE=3.44x10^14 m and an E-count of so 10^112 to circumscribe this 'solar system' in so 230 AU.

We so have 4 hypersphere volumes, based on the singularity-unit and magnified via spacetime quantization in the hyperspheres defined in counters G, F and E. We consider these counters as somehow fundamental to the universe's expansion, serving as boundary conditions in some manner. As counters, those googolplex-numbers can be said to be defined algorithmically and independent on mensuration physics of any kind.

2. The mapping of the atomic nucleus onto the thermodynamic universe of the hyperspheres

Should we consider the universe to follow some kind of architectural blueprint; then we might attempt to use our counters to be isomorphic (same form or shape) in a one-to-one mapping between the macrocosmos and the microcosmos.

So we define a quantum geometry for the nucleus in the simplest atom, say Hydrogen.

The hydrogenic nucleus is a single proton of quark-structure udu and which we assign a quantum geometric template of Kernel-InnerRing-OuterRing (K-IR-OR), say in a simple model of concentricity.

We set the up-quarks (u) to become the 'smeared out core' in say a tripartition uuu so allowing a substructure for the down-quark (d) to be u+InnerRing. A down-quark so is a unitary ring coupled to a kernel-quark.

The proton's quark-content so can be rewritten and without loss of any of the properties associated with the quantum conservation laws; as proton-> udu->uuu+IR=KKK+IR.

We may now label the InnerRing as Mesonic and the OuterRing as Leptonic.

The OuterRing is so definitive for the strange quark in quantum geometric terms: s=uuu+OR.

A neutron's quark content so becomes neutron=dud=KIR.K.KIR with a 'hyperon resonance' in the lambda=sud=KOR.K.KIR and so allowing the neutron's beta decay to proceed in disassociation from a nucleus (where protons and neutrons bind in meson exchange); i.e. in the form of 'free neutrons'. The neutron decays in the oscillation potential between the mesonic inner ring and the leptonic outer ring as the 'ground-energy' eigenstate.

There actually exist three uds-quark states which decay differently via strong, electromagnetic and weak decay rates in the uds (Sigmao Resonance); usd (Sigmao) and the sud (Lambda) in decreasing stability. This quantum geometry then indicates the behaviour of the triple-uds decay from first principles, whereas the contemporary standard model does not, considering the u-d-s quark eigenstatess to be quantum geometrically undifferentiated.

The nuclear interactions, both strong and weak are confined in a 'Magnetic Asymptotic Confinement Limit' coinciding with the Classical Electron radius Re=ke²/mec² and in a scale of so 3 Fermi or 2.8x10^-15 metres.

At a distance further away from this scale, the nuclear interaction strength vanishes rapidly.

The wavenature of the nucleus is given in the Compton-Radius Rc=h/2πmc with m the mass of the nucleus, say a proton; the latter so having Rc=2x10^-16 metres or so 0.2 fermi.

The wave-matter (after de Broglie generalising wavespeed vdB from c in Rc) then relates the classical electron radius as the 'confinement limit' to the Compton scale in the electromagnetic finestructure constant in Re=Alpha.Rc.

The extension to the Hydrogen-Atom is obtained in the expression Re=Alpha².RBohr1 for the first Bohr-Radius as the 'ground-energy' of so 13.7 eV at a scale of so 10^-11 to 10^-10 metres (Angstroems).

These 'facts of measurements' of the standard models now allow our quantum geometric correspondences to assume cosmological significance in their isomorphic mapping.

We denote the OuterRing as the classical electron radius and introduce the InnerRing as a mesonic scale contained within the geometry of the proton and all other elementary baryonic- and hadronic particles.

Firstly, we define a mean macro-mesonic radius as: rM=½(rF+rG)~ 3.42x10^11 m and set the macro-leptonic radius to rE=3.44x10^14 m.

Secondly, we map the macroscale onto the microscale, say in the simple proportionality relation, using (de)capitalised symbols: Re/Rm=rE/rM.

We can so solve for the micro-mesonic scale Rm=Re.rM/rE ~ 2.8x10^-18 metres. So reducing the apparent measured 'size' of a proton in a factor about about 1000 gives the scale of the subnuclear mesonic interaction, say the strong interaction coupling by pions.

3. Neutrino-Masses and the sterile Higgs-Neutrinos

The (anti)neutrinos are part of the electronmass in a decoupling process between the kernel and the rings.

We may define the kernel-scale as that of the singular spacetime-quantum unit itself, namely as wormhole radius rW=10^-22/2π metres.

Before the decoupling between kernel and rings, the kernel-energy can be said to be strongweakly coupled or unified and encompass the gauge-gluon of the strong interaction and the gauge-weakon of the weak interaction defined in a coupling between the OuterRing and the Kernel and bypassing the mesonic InnerRing.

So for matter, a W-Minus (weakon) must consist of a coupled lepton part, yet linking to the strong interaction via the kernel part. if now the colour-charge of the gluon transmutes into a 'neutrino-colour-charge'; then this decoupling will not only define the mechanics of the strongweak nuclear unification coupling; but also the energy transformation of the gauge-colour charge into the gauge-lepton charge.

So generally, we may state, that the gluon is unfied with a weakon before decoupling; this decoupling 'materialising' energy in the form of mass, namely the mass of the measured 'weak-interaction-bosons' of the standard model (W- for charged matter; W+ for charged antimatter and Zo for neutral mass-currents say).

Experiment shows, that a W- decays into spin-aligned electron-antineutrino or muon-antineutrino or tauon-antineutrino pairings undert the conservation laws for momentum and energy.

So, using our quantum geometry, we realise, that the weakly decoupled electron must represent the Outer-Ring, and just as shown in the analyses of QED (Quantum-Electro-Dynamics). Then it can be inferred, that the Electron's Antineutrino represents a transformed and materialised gluon via its colourcharge, now decoupled from the kernel.

Then the OuterRing contracts (say along its magnetoaxis defining its asymptotic confinement); in effect 'shrinking the electron' in its inertial and charge- properties to its experimentally measured 'point-particle-size'. Here we define this process as a mapping between the Electronic wavelength 2πRe and the wormhole perimeter λw=2πrw.

But in this process of the 'shrinking' classical electron radius towards the gluonic kernel (say); the mesonic ring will be encountered and it is there, that any mass-inductions should occur to differentiate a massless lepton gauge-eigenstate from that manifested by the weakon precursors.

{Note: Here the W- inducing a lefthanded neutron to decay weakly into a lefthanded proton, a lefthanded electron and a righthanded antineutrino. Only lefthanded particles decay weakly in CP-parity-symmetry violation, effected by neutrino-gauge definitions from first principles}.

This so defines a neutrino-oscillation potential at the InnerRing-Boundary.

Using out proportions and assigning any neutrino-masses mυ as part of the electronmass me, gives the following proportionality.

mυ=me.λw.rE/(2πrMRe) ~ 5.4x10^-36 kg or 3.0 eV.

So we have derived, from first principles, a (anti)neutrinomass eigenstate of 3 eV.

The hypersphere intersection of the G- and F-count of the thermodynamic expansion of the mass-parametric universe so induces a neutrino-mass of 3 eV at the 2.8x10^-18 metre marker.

The more precise G-F differential in terms of eigenenergy is 0.052 eV as the mass-eigenvalue of the Higgs-(Anti)neutrino (which is scalar of 0-spin and constituent of the so called Higgs Boson as the kernel-Eigenstate). This has been experimentally verified in the Super-Kamiokande (Japan) neutrino experiments publisized in 1998 and in subsequent neutrino experiments around the globe.

This Higgs-Neutrino-Induction is 'twinned' meaning that this energy can be related to the energy of so termed 'slow- or thermal neutrons' in a coupled energy of so twice 0.0253 eV for a thermal equilibrium at so 20° Celsius and a rms-standard-speed of so 2200 m/s from the Maxwell statistical distributions for the kinematics.

4. Neutrinomasses

The Electron-(Anti)Neutrino is massless as base-neutrinoic weakon eigenstate.

The Muon-(Anti)Neutrino is also massless as base-neutrinoic weakon eigenstate.

The Tauon-(Anti)Neutrino is not massless with inertial eigenstate meaned at 3.0 eV.

The weakon kernel-eigenstates are 'squared' or doubled (2x2=2+2) in comparison with the gluonic-eigenstate (one can denote the colourcharges as (R²G²B²)[½] and as (RGB)[1] respectively say and with the [] bracket denoting gauge-spin and RGB meaning colours Red-Green-Blue).

The scalar Higgs-(Anti)Neutrino becomes then defined in: (R^4G^4B^4)[0].

The twinned neutrino state so becomes MANIFESTED in a coupling of the scalar Higgs-Neutrino with a massless base neutrino in a (R^6G^6B^6)[0+½]) mass-induction template.

The Higgs-Neutrino is bosonic and not subject to the Pauli Exclusion Principle; but quantised in the form of the FG-differential of the 0.052 Higgs-restmass-Induction.

Subsequently all experimentally observed neutrino-oscillations should show a stepwise energy induction in units of the Higgs-neutrino mass of 0.052 eV. This was the case in the Super-Kamiokande experiments; and which was interpreted as a mass-differential between the muonic and tauonic neutrinoic forms.

Tony B.

by James W. Cronin, Thomas K. Gaisser and Simon P. Swordy

Tony B.

Cosmic 'egg-beaters' may have left magnetic legacy

12 September 2007
Zeeya Merali
Magazine issue 2621

DID colossal spinning loops of energy whip up the magnetic fields that thread through galaxies and may even stretch across intergalactic space? That's the idea being put forward to explain the universe's mysterious magnetic fields.
"Wherever we look, we find a magnetic field," says Mark Wyman, a cosmologist at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. "But nobody can explain where they came from."
Galactic fields have a strength of about 10^-10 tesla - one-hundred-thousandth of Earth's magnetic field - and cosmologists calculate that they could have been amplified from even weaker "seed fields" in the early universe of only about 10^-34 tesla. "That's small in strength, but the problem is that you need something to create that field over a huge area, the size of a galaxy," says Wyman.
He and his colleagues realised that exotic objects known as cosmic strings could be large enough to ...

The complete article is 680 words long.

--- In TheoryOfEverything@yahoogroups.com, Zeus <zeusrdx@...> wrote:
>
> Did Cosmic 'Egg-Beaters' Leave Magnetic Legacy? Huge loops of the exotic objects known as cosmic strings could have whipped up the first magnetic fields that now thread through galaxies. That's the idea being put forward by a cosmologist in Canada to explain where the universe's mysterious magnetic fields came from...MORE
> http://www.rbduncan.com/

6. Galactic Magnetism from first principles

The article below could show the way for theoretical physicists to discover the extension of General Relativity into the Quantum Gravity realms.
The Biot-Savart law (Laplace-Ampere) states Magnetic Flux (measured in Tesla=Weber/area=Volt.time=Energy/Current) to be dB=μoi.dL/4πr² from B=μoqv/4πr². For a tangential velocity v the angular velocity ω=2πf=v/r.

The finestructure unification between the electromagnetic alpha=2πk.e²/hc and the gravitational alpha 2πGom²/hc then modifies this law as B=Mω/2Rc² by the monopolic string mass-current M=30ec for a magnetocharge e*=2e as a Cooper-Charge for the superconductive Cosmic String, manifesting as e=½e*=½(M/30c).

{Example: The earth's magnetic field approximates as 3x10^-5 Tesla (0.3 gauss) for a core-mantle differential rotation.
Mcore=ρcore.Vcore~9x10^22 kg and Rcore~1.2x10^6 m and ω=2π/86,400}.
Here M becomes the unitised mass of the rotating system of angular velocity ω and a displacement radius R.
In the post below the rotation rate is said to be so 6500 cycles per minute and so w=2πf~680 radians per second.
The magnetic flux then is a function approximated by B~[3.8x10^-15]M/R).
So B increases for a given radius with the gravitomagnetic mass in a selfinduction.
Generally, a rotating cosmic body of mass M and spinrate ω selfinduces a gravitomagnetic field in analogy to the laws of Maxwell, Faraday and Lenz in a form of B=Mω/2Rc².

For a typically evolved galaxy such as the Milky Way, the masses are of the order of 2x10^42 kg, inclusive the dark matter as gravitationally acting component. A typical radius is of the order of 50,000 lightyears or so 5x10^20 metres and a galactic rotation rate can be approximated in so 250 Million years, being the rotation period of 'our' solar system about the galactic core.

This then gives the INTRINSIC magnetic field for a nonionised charge distribution and for the Milky Way: B=(2x10^42 kg)(2π/8x10^15 s)/(18x10^16.5x10^20 m)~2x10^-11 Tesla or 2x10^-7 gauss or 0.2 microgauss. This is on the scale of the New Scientist article mentioned above.

So what then are the 'seedling' magnetic fields, proposed in that latter article to have derived from Cosmic Strings at even smaller magnitudes?

It is simple, when we realise that this seedling must be the entire universe itself.
The Hubble-Frequency is so 1.9x10^-18 s and the Hubble-Radius is so 2x10^26 metres and the mass-seedling is 2x10^51 kg baryonic and 6.5x10^52 kg for the asymptotic closure in Euclidean flatness of zero curvature.

This gives a cosmic magnetic field of B=9x10^-10 Tesla and B=3x10^-8 Tesla and just the measured galactic typical 'upper bounds' for the universe's mass say.

The universe so displays magnetism on account of its Hubble-parameters, which are magnified string parameters.
And the absolute minimum frequency for the wormhole is 3.33x10^-31 seconds and applying this as a Zero-Point for the cosmogenesis; the 'seedling' magnetic field would become so B=1.4x10^-22 Tesla and B=4.7x10^-21 Tesla for our total mass distributions.

The Cosmic Strings are always associated with Black Holes as Vortex 'seeds' and depict the monopolic mass-current from the upper bounded monopole mass of 2.7x10^16 GeV, which is the string unification scale as first Planck-Nugget transformation.

Tony B.

Experiment in ARC Seibersdorf research

Towards a new test of general relativity?

23 March 2006
Scientists funded by the European Space Agency have measured the gravitational equivalent of a magnetic field for the first time in a laboratory. Under certain special conditions the effect is much larger than expected from general relativity and could help physicists to make a significant step towards the long-sought-after quantum theory of gravity.

Just as a moving electrical charge creates a magnetic field, so a moving mass generates a gravitomagnetic field. According to Einstein's Theory of General Relativity, the effect is virtually negligible. However, Martin Tajmar, ARC Seibersdorf Research GmbH, Austria; Clovis de Matos, ESA-HQ, Paris; and colleagues have measured the effect in a laboratory.
Their experiment involves a ring of superconducting material rotating up to 6 500 times a minute. Superconductors are special materials that lose all electrical resistance at a certain temperature. Spinning superconductors produce a weak magnetic field, the so-called London moment. The new experiment tests a conjecture by Tajmar and de Matos that explains the difference between high-precision mass measurements of Cooper-pairs (the current carriers in superconductors) and their prediction via quantum theory. They have discovered that this anomaly could be explained by the appearance of a gravitomagnetic field in the spinning superconductor (This effect has been named the Gravitomagnetic London Moment by analogy with its magnetic counterpart).

Small acceleration sensors placed at different locations close to the spinning superconductor, which has to be accelerated for the effect to be noticeable, recorded an acceleration field outside the superconductor that appears to be produced by gravitomagnetism. "This experiment is the gravitational analogue of Faraday's electromagnetic induction experiment in 1831.

It demonstrates that a superconductive gyroscope is capable of generating a powerful gravitomagnetic field, and is therefore the gravitational counterpart of the magnetic coil. Depending on further confirmation, this effect could form the basis for a new technological domain, which would have numerous applications in space and other high-tech sectors" says de Matos. Although just 100 millionths of