If the Sun would go supernova,..., then the design of the universe would appear...

If the local Sun would go Supernova, ...,then the Design of the Universe would appear,...relative to another Solar System Observer

Introduction

The local sun (Sol aka Rahsol) is a typical star of spectral class G2V on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram.
It is a 'garden variety' yellow main sequence dwarf star consisting of about 70% hydrogen and 28% helium and a 2% remainer of mainly oxygen and carbon.
Its mass is about 2x10³⁰ kg and its average radius 7x10⁸ m with a core radius of so 2x10⁸ meters.
At the center, the temperature is estimated to be about 14 million Kelvin, differentiating to a surface (photosphere) temperature of about 5700 Kelvin.
Above the Photosphere, the Chromosphere increases the surface temperature into the Corona to a order of 100,000 Kelvin, about 10,000 km above the surface.
The outermost layer of the Sun's atmosphere, the Corona extends for millions of km into extrasolar space and harbours the Solar Wind with temperatures characterised in the 1-2 Million Kelvin range.

Rahsol is the gravitational center for a typical solar system from the central star to the outermost planets (Neptune at about 30 AUs and Pluto at so 40 AUs).
Just as Jupiter dominates the Asteroid Belt; Neptune dominates the (trans-Neptunian) Kuiper Belt (asteroids found mainly between 2.2-3.3 AUs with a center of mass at Ceres at 2.8 AU) up to about 55 AUs.
A doughnut-disc-shaped Inner Oort-Cloud (aka Hills Cloud) harbours long-period Comets as an inner comet distribution up to a lower boundary of so 2,000-20,000 AUs extending out to 100,000-200,000 AUs as a spherical Outer Oort-Cloud as the gravitational upper boundary for the selfinteracting local solar starsystem.
.
One Astronomical Unit or 1 AU is about 150 million kilometers as the distance of the planet earth from the local star Sol. One lightyear 1 ly~63,000 AUs or 9.47x10¹² km or 0.307 parsec (pc).

The local star Rahsol is one of about 400 billion suns in the local galaxy called the Milky Way.
The Milky Way is a 'Barred Spiral Galaxy' (type SBbc) and has a mean radius of 50,000 lightyears or about 4.8x10¹⁷km, incorporating a central bar of radius so 13,000 lightyears or 1.2x10¹⁷ km. The length of this bar at 26,000 ly is about the same as the distance of the star Sol from the galactic center, where a 'Radio Source Sagittarius A* occupies a core galactic region encompassing a star-accreting region of radius about the size of the Inner Oort-Cloud or the Hills Belt.

Sagittarius A* is resolved at the displacement scale of D=26,000 ly at 1/3600 arcseconds (as) per degree for 2πD/(360.3600)~1.2x10¹⁵as and observed as occupying an angular area of so 400 microas² (μas)².
This infers a SuperMassive Black Hole (SMBH) Mass of 4 million solar masses (8x10³⁶ kg) for a (not gravitationally lensed) area with Schwarzschild radius R_S=2x10¹⁰ meters (which is within the orbit of Mercury about the sun at 0.39 AUs or so 5.8x10¹⁰ meters).
About this SMBH at the galaxy's core is found an accretion disk of (relatively) young stars to a distance of so 10 lightdays (2.6x10¹⁴ meters or 1800 AUs). This star distribution obeys the orbital laws expected by objects orbiting a 'central pointmass', such as a SMBH.
The extended 'Halo-DarkMatter' scale of the Milky Way then increases the galactic neighbourhood interaction radius to about 300,000 lightyears (3x10²¹ meters) as the displacement scale for the 'Local Group' and becomes 'Group-Galactic' at 6 million lightyears (6x10²² meters) for the interaction between large galaxies, such as the Milky Way and Andromeda aka M31 (type SB) about 2.6 million ly apart and approaching each other at so 130 km/s.

1. Hypersphere volumes and the mass of the Tau-neutrino

Consider the universe's thermodynamic expansion to proceed at an initializing time (and practically at lightspeed for the lightpath x=ct describing the hypersphere radii) to from a single spacetime quantum with a quantized toroidal volume 2π²r_w³ and where r_w is the characteristic wormhole radius for this basic building unit for a quantized universe (say in string parameters given in the Planck scale and its transformations).

At a time t_G, say so 18.85 minutes later, the count of space time quanta can be said to be 9.677x10¹⁰² for a universal 'total hypersphere radius' of about r_G=3.39x10¹¹ meters and for a G-Hypersphere volume of so 7.69x10³⁵cubic meters.

{This radius is about 2.3 Astronomical Units (AUs) and about the distance of the Asteroid Belt from the star Sol in a typical (our) solar system.}

This modelling of a mapping of the quantum-microscale onto the cosmological macroscale should now indicate the mapping of the wormhole scale onto the scale of the sun itself.

r_w/R_Sun(i)=R_e/r_E for R_Sun(i)=r_wr_E/R_e=1,971,030 meters. This gives an 'inner' solar core of diameter about 3.94x10⁶ meters.

As the classical electron radius is quantized in the wormhole radius in the formulation R_e=10¹⁰r_w/360, rendering a finestructure for Planck's Constant as a 'superstring-parametric': h=r_w/2R_ec³; the 'outer' solar scale becomes R_Sun(o)=360R_Sun(i)=7.092x10⁸ meters as the observed radius for the solar disk.

19 seconds later; a F-Hypersphere radius is about r_F=3.45x10¹¹ meters for a F-count of so 1.02x10¹⁰³ spacetime quanta.
We also define an E-Hypersphere radius at r_E=3.44x10¹⁴ meters and an E-count of so 10¹¹² to circumscribe this 'solar system' in so 230 AU.

We so have 4 hypersphere volumes, based on the singularity-unit and magnified via spacetime quantization in the hyperspheres defined in counters G, F and E. We consider these counters as somehow fundamental to the universe's expansion, serving as boundary conditions in some manner. As counters, those googol-numbers can be said to be defined algorithmically and independent on mensuration physics of any kind.

2. The mapping of the atomic nucleus onto the thermodynamic universe of the hyperspheres

Should we consider the universe to follow some kind of architectural blueprint; then we might attempt to use our counters to be isomorphic (same form or shape) in a one-to-one mapping between the macrocosmos and the microcosmos. So we define a quantum geometry for the nucleus in the simplest atom, say Hydrogen. The hydrogenic nucleus is a single proton of quark-structure udu and which we assign a quantum geometric template of Kernel-InnerRing-OuterRing (K-IR-OR), say in a simple model of concentricity.
We set the up-quarks (u) to become the 'smeared out core' in say a tripartition uuu so allowing a substructure for the down-quark (d) to be u+InnerRing. A down-quark so is a unitary ring coupled to a kernel-quark. The proton's quark-content so can be rewritten and without loss of any of the properties associated with the quantum conservation laws; as proton→udu→uuu+IR=KKK+IR. We may now label the InnerRing as Mesonic and the OuterRing as Leptonic.
The OuterRing is so definitive for the strange quark in quantum geometric terms: s=u+OR.
A neutron's quark content so becomes neutron=dud=KIR.K.KIR with a 'hyperon resonance' in the lambda=sud=KOR.K.KIR and so allowing the neutron's beta decay to proceed in disassociation from a nucleus (where protons and neutrons bind in meson exchange); i.e. in the form of 'free neutrons'. The neutron decays in the oscillation potential between the mesonic inner ring and the leptonic outer ring as the 'ground-energy' eigenstate.

There actually exist three uds-quark states which decay differently via strong, electromagnetic and weak decay rates in the uds (Σ_o* =Sigma_o Resonance); usd (Σ_o=Sigma_o) and the sud (Λ_o=Lambda_o) in increasing stability. This quantum geometry then indicates the behaviour of the triple-uds decay from first principles, whereas the contemporary standard model does not, considering the u-d-s quark eigenstates to be quantum geometrically undifferentiated.
The nuclear interactions, both strong and weak are confined in a 'Magnetic Asymptotic Confinement Limit' coinciding with the Classical Electron radius R_e=ke²/m_ec² and in a scale of so 3 Fermi or 2.8x10^-15 meters. At a distance further away from this scale, the nuclear interaction strength vanishes rapidly. The wavenature of the nucleus is given in the Compton-Radius R_c=h/2πmc with m the mass of the nucleus, say a proton; the latter so having R_c=2x10^-16 meters or so 0.2 fermi.

The wave-matter (after de Broglie generalising wavespeed v_dB from c in R_c) then relates the classical electron radius as the 'confinement limit' to the Compton scale in the electromagnetic finestructure constant in R_e=Alpha.R_c.
The extension to the Hydrogen-Atom is obtained in the expression R_e=Alpha².R_Bohr1 for the first Bohr-Radius as the 'ground-energy' of so 13.7 eV at a scale of so 10^-11 to 10^-10 meters (Angstroems).
These 'facts of measurements' of the standard models now allow our quantum geometric correspondences to assume cosmological significance in their isomorphic mapping. We denote the OuterRing as the classical electron radius and introduce the InnerRing as a mesonic scale contained within the geometry of the proton and all other elementary baryonic- and hadronic particles.
Firstly, we define a mean macro-mesonic radius as: r_M=½(r_F+r_G)~ 3.42x10¹¹ meters and set the macro-leptonic radius to r_E=3.44x10¹⁴ meters.
Secondly, we map the macroscale onto the microscale, say in the simple proportionality relation, using
(de)capitalised symbols: R_e/R_m=r_E/r_M.
We can so solve for the micro-mesonic scale R_m=R_e.r_M/r_E ~ 2.76x10^-18 meters.
So reducing the apparent measured 'size' of a proton in a factor about about 1000 gives the scale of the subnuclear mesonic interaction, say the strong interaction coupling by pions.

The Higgsian Scalar-Neutrino

The (anti)neutrinos are part of the electron mass in a decoupling process between the kernel and the rings. Neutrino mass is so not cosmologically significant and cannot be utilized in 'missing mass' models'.
We may define the kernel-scale as that of the singular spacetime-quantum unit itself, namely as wormhole radius r_w=10^-22/2π meters.

Before the decoupling between kernel and rings, the kernel-energy can be said to be strong-weakly coupled or unified to encompass the gauge-gluon of the strong interaction and the gauge-weakon of the weak interaction defined in a coupling between the OuterRing and the Kernel and bypassing the mesonic InnerRing.

So for matter, a W-Minus (weakon) must consist of a coupled lepton part, yet linking to the strong interaction via the kernel part. If now the colour-charge of the gluon transmutates into a 'neutrino-colour-charge'; then this decoupling will not only define the mechanics for the strong-weak nuclear unification coupling; but also the energy transformation of the gauge-colour charge into the gauge-lepton charge.

There are precisely 8 gluonic transitive energy permutation eigenstates between a 'radiative-additive' Planck energy in W(hite)=E=hf and an 'inertial-subtractive' Einstein energy in B(lack)=E=mc², which describe the baryonic- and hyperonic 'quark-sectors' in: mc²=BBB, BBW, WBB, BWB, WBW, BWW, WWB and WWW=hf. The permutations are cyclic and not linearly commutative. For mesons (quark-antiquark eigenstates), the permutations are BB, BW, WB and WW in the SU(2) and SU(3) Unitary Symmetries.

So generally, we may state, that the gluon is unfied with a weakon before decoupling; this decoupling 'materialising' energy in the form of mass, namely the mass of the measured 'weak-interaction-bosons' of the standard model (W- for charged matter; W+ for charged antimatter and Z_o for neutral mass-currents say).

Experiment shows, that a W- decays into spin-aligned electron-antineutrino or muon-antineutrino or tauon-antineutrino pairings under the conservation laws for momentum and energy.
So, using our quantum geometry, we realise, that the weakly decoupled electron must represent the OuterRing, and just as shown in the analysis of QED (Quantum-Electro-Dynamics). Then it can be inferred, that the Electron's Antineutrino represents a transformed and materialised gluon via its colourcharge, now decoupled from the kernel.

Then the OuterRing contracts (say along its magnetoaxis defining its asymptotic confinement); in effect 'shrinking the electron' in its inertial and charge- properties to its experimentally measured 'point-particle-size'. Here we define this process as a mapping between the Electronic wavelength 2πR_e and the wormhole perimeter λ_w=2πr_w.

But in this process of the 'shrinking' classical electron radius towards the gluonic kernel (say); the mesonic ring will be encountered and it is there, that any mass-inductions should occur to differentiate a massless lepton gauge-eigenstate from that manifested by the weakon precursors.
{Note: Here the W- inducing a lefthanded neutron to decay weakly into a lefthanded proton, a lefthanded electron and a righthanded antineutrino. Only lefthanded particles decay weakly in CP-parity-symmetry violation, effected by neutrino-gauge definitions from first principles}.

This so defines a neutrino-oscillation potential at the InnerRing-Boundary. Using our proportions and assigning any neutrino-masses m_υ as part of the electronmass m_e, gives the following proportionality as the mass eigenvalue of the Tau-neutrino:

m_υ=m_eλ_w.r_E/(2πr_MR_e) ~ 5.4x10^-36 kg or 3.0 eV.

So we have derived, from first principles, a (anti)neutrinomass eigenstate of 3 eV.

This confirms the Mainz, Germany Result as the upper limit for neutrino masses resulting from ordinary Beta-Decay and indicates the importance of the primordial beta-decay for the cosmogenesis and the isomorphic scale mappings stated above.

The hypersphere intersection of the G- and F-count of the thermodynamic expansion of the mass-parametric universe so induces a neutrino-mass of 3 eV at the 2.76x10^-18 meter marker.

The more precise G-F differential in terms of eigenenergy is 0.052 eV as the mass-eigenvalue for the Higgs-(Anti)neutrino (which is scalar of 0-spin and constituent of the so called Higgs Boson as the kernel-Eigenstate). This has been experimentally verified in the Super-Kamiokande (Japan) neutrino experiments published in 1998 and in subsequent neutrino experiments around the globe, say Sudbury, KamLAND, Dubna, MinibooNE and MINOS.
This Higgs-Neutrino-Induction is 'twinned' meaning that this energy can be related to the energy of so termed 'slow- or thermal neutrons' in a coupled energy of so twice 0.0253 eV for a thermal equilibrium at so 20° Celsius and a rms-standard-speed of so 2200 m/s from the Maxwell statistical distributions for the kinematics.

Neutrinomasses

The Electron-(Anti)Neutrino is massless as base-neutrinoic weakon eigenstate.
The Muon-(Anti)Neutrino is also massless as base-neutrinoic weakon eigenstate.
The Tauon-(Anti)Neutrino is not massless with inertial eigenstate meaned at 3.0 eV.
The weakon kernel-eigenstates are 'squared' or doubled (2x2=2+2) in comparison with the gluonic-eigenstate (one can denote the colourcharges as (R²G²B²)[½] and as (RGB)[1] respectively say and with the [] bracket denoting gauge-spin and RGB meaning colours Red-Green-Blue).

The scalar Higgs-(Anti)Neutrino becomes then defined in: (R⁴G⁴B⁴)[0].

The twinned neutrino state so becomes MANIFESTED in a coupling of the scalar Higgs-Neutrino with a massless base neutrino in a (R⁶G⁶B⁶)[0+½]) mass-induction template.
The Higgs-Neutrino is bosonic and so not subject to the Pauli Exclusion Principle; but quantized in the form of the FG-differential of the 0.052 Higgs-Restmass-Induction.
Subsequently all experimentally observed neutrino-oscillations should show a stepwise energy induction in units of the Higgs-neutrino mass of 0.052 eV. This was the case in the Super-Kamiokande experiments; and which was interpreted as a mass-differential between the muonic and tauonic neutrinoic forms.

3. The first stars in the Ylemic Universe

The stability of stars is a function of the equilibrium condition, which balances the inward pull of gravity with the outward pressure of the thermodynamic energy or enthalpy of the star (H=PV+U).

The Jeans Mass M_J and the Jeans Length R_J a used to describe the stability conditions for collapsing molecular hydrogen clouds to form stars say, are well known in the scientific data base, say in formulations such as:

M_J=3kTR/2Gm for a Jeans Length of: R_J=√{15kT/(4πρGm)}=√(kT/Gnm²). Now the Ideal Gas Law of basic thermodynamics states that the internal pressure P and Volume of such an ideal gas are given by PV=n.RIG.T=NkT for n moles of substance being the Number N of molecules (say) divided by Avogadro's Constant L in n=N/L . Since the Ideal Gas Constant RIG divided by Avogadro's Constant L and defines Boltzmann's Constant k=RIG/L. Now the statistical analysis of kinetic energy KE of particles in motion in a gas (say) gives a root-mean-square velocity (rms) and the familiar 2.KE=mv²(rms) from the distribution of individual velocities v in such a system. It is found that PV=(2/3)N.KE as a total system described by the v(rms). Now set the KE equal to the Gravitational PE=GMm/R for a spherical gas cloud and you get the Jeans Mass. (3/2N).(NkT)=GMm/R with m the mass of a nucleon or Hydrogen atom and M=MJ=3kTR/2Gm as stated.

The Jeans' Length is the critical radius of a cloud (typically a cloud of interstellar dust) where thermal energy, which causes the cloud to expand, is counteracted by gravity, which causes the cloud to collapse. It is named after the British astronomer Sir James Jeans, who first derived the quantity; where k is Boltzmann's constant, T is the temperature of the cloud, r is the radius of the cloud, μ is the mass per particle in the cloud, G is the Gravitational Constant and ρ is the cloud's mass density (i.e. the cloud's mass divided by the cloud's volume).

Now following the Big Bang, there were of course no gas clouds in the early expanding universe and the Jeans formulations are not applicable to the mass seedling M_o; in the manner of the Jeans formulations as given.

However, the universe's dynamics is in the form of the expansion parameter of GR and so the R(n)=R_max(n/(n+1)) scalefactor of Quantum Relativity.

So we can certainly analyse this expansion in the form of the Jeans Radius of the first protostars, which so obey the equilibrium conditions and equations of state of the much later gas clouds, for which the Jeans formulations then apply on a say molecular level.

This analysis so defines the ylemic neutron stars as protostars and the first stars in the cosmogenesis and the universe.

Let the thermal internal energy or ITE=H be the outward pressure in equilibrium with the gravitational potential energy of GPE=Ω.
The Nuclear Density in terms of superbrane parameters is ρ_critical=m_c/V_criticalwith m_c the base nucleon (ylemic neutron) mass and V_critical=4πR_e³/3 as the volume of the ylemic neutron as given by the classical electron radius as superbrane quantisation/magnification and for R_e=10¹⁰λ_w/360=e*/2c².
H=(molarity)kT for molarity in volumes as N=(R/R_e)³ for dH=3kTR²/R_e³.

Ω(R)= -∫GMdm/R = -{3Gm_c²/(R_e³)²}∫R⁴dR= -3Gm_c².R⁵/R_e⁶ for

dm/dR=d(ρV)/dR=4πρ.R² and for ρ=3m_c/4πR_e³.

So dΩ(R)=-3Gm_c².R⁴/(R_e³)²=-16π²ρ²G.R⁴/3.
For equilibrium the condition is that dH=dΩ as the minimum integral dH+dΩ=0.
This gives: dH+dΩ=3kTR²/R_e⁵-16Gπ²ρ²R⁴/3=0 and the ylemic radius as:

R_ylem =√(kT.R_e³/G_om_c²) as the Jeans Length precursor or progenitor.

^{The ylemic (Jeans)
radii are all independent of the mass of the star as a function of its nuclear generated temperature.}^{Applied to
the protostars of the neutron matter or ylem, the radii are all neutron star radii and define a specific range of radii
for the range of gravitational collapse.}

^{This spans from the 'First three
minutes' scenario of the cosmogenesis to 1.1 million seconds or about 13 days and encompasses the ordinary beta decay
of the neutron (underpinning radioactivity).} ^{The upper limit defines a trillion degree temperature and
a radius of over 40 km, the typical Schwarzschild solution defines a typical ylem radius of so 7.4 km and the lower limit
defines the 'mysterious' planetesimal limit as 1.8 km.}^{For long a cosmological conundrum, it
could not be modelled just how the molecular and electromagnetic forces applicable to conglomerate matter particles (say
hydrogen gas as dust) on the quantum scale of molecules could become strong enough to form say 1km mass concentrations,
required for 'ordinary' gravity to assume control.} ^{The ylem radii's lower limit defined in this
cosmology show, that it is the ylemic temperature of then 1.2 billion degrees K, which performs the trick under the Ylem-Jeans
formula, which is then applied to the normal collapse of hydrogenic atoms in summation.}
The stellar evolution from the ylemic(dineutronic) templates is well established in QR and confirms most of the Standard Model's ideas of nucleosynthesis and the general Temperature cosmology. The standard model is correct in the temperature assignment, but is amiss in the corresponding 'size-scales' for the cosmic expansion.

The Big Bang cosmogenesis describes the universe as a Planck-Black Body Radiator, which sets the Cosmic-Microwave-Black Body Background Radiation Spectrum (CMBBR) as a function of n as T⁴=18.2(n+1)²/n³ and derived from the Stefan-Boltzmann-Law and the related statistical frequency distributions.

We have the GR metric for Schwarzschild-Black Hole Evolution as R_S=2GM/c² as a function of the star's Black Hole's mass M and we have the ylemic Radius as a function of temperasture only as:
R_ylem=√(kT.R_e³/G_om_c²).

The nucleonic mass-seed m_c=Planck-Mass(m_P).Alpha⁹ and G_om_c² is constant in the partitioned n-evolution of m_c(n)=Yⁿ.m_cwith G(n)=G_o.Xⁿ.

Identifying the ylemic Radius with the Schwarzschild Radius then indicates a specific mass a specific temperature and a specific radius.

Those we call the Chandrasekhar Parameters:

M_Chandra=1.5 solar Masses=3x10³⁰ kg and R_Chandra=2G_oM_Chandra/c² or 7407.40704..metres, which is the typical neutron star radius inferred today.

T_Chandra=R_Chandra².G_om_c²/kR_e³ =1.985x10¹⁰ K for Electron Radius R_e and Boltzmann's Constant k.

Those Chandrasekhar parameters then define a typical neutron star with a uniform temperature of 20 billion K at the white dwarf limit of ordinary stellar nucleosynthetic evolution (Hertzsprung-Russell or HR-diagram).

The Radius for the massparametric Universe is given in R(n)=R_max(1-n/(n+1)) correlating the ylemic temperatures as the 'uniform' CMBBR-background and we can follow the evolution of the ylemic radius via the approximation:

R_ylem=0.05258..√T=(0.0753).[(n+1)²/n³]^[1/8]

R_ylem(n_present=1.1324..)=0.0868 m* for a T_ylem(n_present)=2.73 K for the present time t_present=n_present/H_o.

What is n_Chandra?

This would describe the size of the universe as the uniform temperature CMBBR today manifesting as the largest stars, mapped however onto the ylemic neutron star evolution as the protostars (say as n_Chandra'), defined not in manifested mass (say neutron conglomerations), but as a quark-strange plasma, (defined in QR as the Vortex-Potential-Energy or VPE).

R(n_Chandra')=R_max(n_Chandra'/(n_Chandra'+1))=7407.40741.. for n_Chandra'=4.64x10^-23 and so a time of t_Chandra'=n_Chandra'/H_o=n_Chandra'/1.88x10^-18=2.47x10^-5 seconds.

QR defines the Weyl-Temperature limit for Bosonic Unification as 1.9 nanoseconds at a temperature of 1.4x10²⁰ Kelvin and the weak-electromagnetic unification at 1/365 seconds at T=3.4x10¹⁵ K.

So we place the first ylemic protostar after the bosonic unification (before which the plenum was defined as undifferentiated 'bosonic plasma'), but before the electro-weak unification, which defined the Higgs-Bosonic restmass induction via the weak interaction vector-bosons and allowing the dineutrons to be born.

The universe was so 15 km across, when its ylemic 'concentrated' VPE-Temperature was so 20 Billion K and we find the CMBBR in the Stefan-Boltzmann-Law as T⁴=18.20(n+1)²/n³ =1.16x10¹⁷ Kelvin.
So the thermodynamic temperature for the expanding universe was so 5.85 Million times greater than the ylemic VPE-Temperature; and implying that no individual ylem stars could yet form from the mass seedling Mo. The universe's expansion however cooled the CMBBR background and we to calculate the scale of the universe corresponding to this ylemic scenario; we simply calculate the 'size' for the universe at T_Chandra=20 Billion K for T_Chandra⁴ and we then find n_Chandra=4.89x10^-14 and t_Chandra=26,065 seconds or so 7.24 hours.

The Radius R(n_Chandra)=7.81x10¹² metres or 7.24 lighthours.

This is about 52 Astronomical Units and an indicator for the largest possible star in terms of radial extent and the 'size' of a typical solar system, encompassed by supergiants on the HR-diagram.

We so know that the ylemic temperature decreases in direct proportion to the square of the ylemic radius and one hitherto enigmatic aspect in cosmology relates to this in the planetesimal limit. Briefly, a temperature of so 1.2 billion degrees defines an ylemic radius of 1.8 km as the dineutronic limit for proto-neutron stars contracting from so 80 km down to this size just 1.1 million seconds or so 13 days after the Big Bang.

This then shows why chunks of matter can conglomerate via molecular and other adhesive interactions towards this size, where then the accepted gravity is strong enough to build planets and moons. It works, because the ylemic template is defined in subatomic parameters reflecting the mesonic-inner and leptonic outer ring boundaries, the planetesimal limit being the leptonic mapping. So neutrino- and quark blueprints micromacro dance their basic definition as the holographic projections of the spacetime quanta.

Now because the Electron Radius is directly proportional to the linearised wormhole perimeter and then the Compton Radius via Alpha in R_e=10¹⁰.λ_w/360=e*/2c²=Alpha.R_e, the Chandrasekhar hite Dwarf Limit should be doubled to reflect the protonic diameter mirrored in the classical electron radius.

Hence any star experiencing electron degeneracy is actually becoming YLEMIC or DINEUTRONIC, the boundary for this process being the Chandrasekhar mass. This represents the subatomic mapping of the first Bohr orbit collapsing onto the leptonic outer ring in the quarkian wave-geometry.

But this represents the Electron Radius as a Protonic Diameter and the Protonic Radius must then indicate the limit for the scale where proton degeneracy would have to enter the scenario. As the proton cannot degenerate in that way, the neutron star must enter Black Hole phasetransition at the R_e/2 scale, corresponding to a mass of 8M_Chandra=24x10³⁰ kg* or 12 solar masses.

The maximum ylemic radius so is found from the constant density proportion ρ=M/V:

(R_ylemmax/R_e)³=M_Chandra/m_c for R_ylemmax=40.1635 km.

The corresponding ylemic temperature is 583.5 Billion K for a CMBBR-time of 287 seconds or so 4.8 minutes from a n=5.4x10^-16, when the universe had a diameter of so 173 Million km.

But for a maximum nuclear compressibility for the protonic radius, we find:

(R_ylemmax/R_e)³=8M_Chandra/m_c for R_ylemmax=80.327 km, a ylemic temperature of 2,334 Billion K for a n-cycletime of 8.5x10^-17 and a CMBBR-time of so 45 seconds and when the universe had a radius of 13.6 Million km or was so 27 Million km across.

The first ylemic protostar vortex was at that time manifested as the ancestor for all neutron star generations to follow. This vortex is described in a cosmic string encircling a spherical region so 160 km across and within a greater universe of diameter 27 Million km which carried a thermodynamic temperature of so 2.33 Trillion Kelvin at that point in the cosmogenesis.

This vortex manifested as a VPE concentration after the expanding universe had cooled to allow the universe to become transparent from its hitherto defining state of opaqueness and a time known as the decoupling of matter (in the form of the Mo seedling partitioned in mc's) from the radiation pressure of the CMBBR photons.

The temperature for the decoupling is found in the galactic scale-limit modular dual to the wormhole geodesic as λ_w=10²² metres or so 1.06 Million ly and its luminosity attenuation in the 1/e proportionality for then 388,879 lightyears as a decoupling time n_dc. A maximum galactic halo limit is modulated in 2πλ_w metres in the linearisation of the Planck-length encountered before in an earlier discussion.

R(n_dc)=R_max(n_dc/(n_dc+1))=10²² metres for n_dc=6.26x10^-5 and so for a CMBBR-Temperature of about T=2935 K for a galactic protocore then attenuated in so 37% for n_dcmin=1.0x10^-6 for R=λ_w/2π and ndcmax=3.9x10^-4 for R=2πλ_w and for temperatures of so 65,316 K and 744 K respectively, descriptive of the temperature modulations between the galactic cores and the galactic halos.

So a CMBBR-temperature of so 65,316 K at a time of so 532 Billion seconds or 17,000 years defined the initialisation of the VPE and the birth of the first ylemic protostars as a decoupling minimum. The ylemic mass currents were purely monopolic and known as superconductive cosmic strings, consisting of nucleonic neutrons, each of mass mc.

If we assign this timeframe to the maximised ylemic radius and assign our planetesimal limit of fusion temperature 1.2 Billion K as a corresponding minimum; then this planetesimal limit representing the onset of stellar fusion in a characteristic temperature, should indicate the first protostars at a temperature of the CMBBR of about 744 Kelvin.

The universe had a temperature of 744 K for n_dcmax=3.9x10^-4 for R=2πλ_w and this brings us to a curvature radius of so 6.6 Million lightyears and an 'ignition-time' for the first physical ylemic neutron stars as first generation protostars of so 7 Million years after the Big Bang.

The important cosmological consideration is that of distance-scale modulation.

The Black Hole Schwarzschild metric is the inverse of the galactic scale metric.

The linearisation of the Planck-String as the Weyl-Geodesic and so the wormhole radius in the curvature radius R(n) is modular dual and mirrored in inversion in the manifestation of galactic structure with a nonluminous halo a luminous attenuated diameter-bulge and a superluminous (quasar or White Hole Core).

The core-bulge ratio will so reflect the eigenenergy quantum of the wormhole as heterotic Planck-Boson-String or as the magnetocharge as 1/500, being the mapping of the Planck-Length-Bounce as e=l_P.c²√Alpha onto the electron radius in e*=2R_e.c².

4.The Elementary Cosmic Ray Spectrum

The elementary Cosmic Ray Spectrum derives from the transformation of the Planck-String-Boson at the birth of the universe.

The following tabulation relates those transformation in energy and the modular duality between the distance parameters of the macrocosm of classical spacetime geometry and the microcosm of the quantum realm.

String-Boson...........Wavelength(λ)......Energy (hc/λ)............Modular Wavelength....Significance

1. Planck-Boson........1.2x10^-34 m...1.6 GJ or 9.9x10²⁷ eV....8.0x10³³ m...Outside Hubble Horizon Limit
2. Monopole-Boson...4.6x10^-32 m...4.3 MJ or 2.7x10²⁵ eV....2.2x10³¹ m...Outside Hubble Horizon Limit
3. XL-Boson............6.6x10^-31 m...303 kJ or 1.9x10²⁴ eV....1.5x10³⁰ m....Outside Hubble Horizon Limit

4. X-K-Boson transit...8.8x10^-28 m....227 J or 1.6x10²¹ eV...1.1x10²⁷ m....2πR_Hubble11D
5 .X-K-Boson transit...1.0x10^-27 m....201 J or 1.2x10²¹ eV...1.0x10²⁷ m....2πR_{HubbleHorizonLimit}
6. CosmicRayToe.......1.9x10^-27 m....106 J or 6.6x10²⁰ eV..5.3x10²⁶ m......2πR_Hubble10D
7. CosmicRayAnkle....2.0x10^-25 m...1.0J or 6.2x10¹⁸ eV.....5.0x10²⁴ m......Galactic Supercluster Scale
8. CosmicRayKnee(+)..1.0x10^-22 m...0.002J or 1.24x10¹⁶ eV..1.0x10²² m.....Galactic Halo Scale
9. CosmicRayKnee(-)...6.3x10^-22 m...0.0003J or 2.0x10¹⁵ eV..1.6x10²¹ m......Galactic Disc Scale

Lower Cosmic Ray energies then become defined in standard physics, such as supernovae, neutron stars and related phenomena, engaging electron accelerations and synchrotron radiation.

7. represents the ECosmic-Boson and 8. the Weyl-Boson of the Big Bang Planck-singularity of the Weyl-Geodesic of relativistic spacetime. 9 modulates the experimentally well measured 'knee' energy for Cosmic Rays as the distribution flux of high-energy protons as the primary particle in the 2π-factor. The wormhole radius is 10^-22 m/2π for a Halo-(DarkMatter)-Radius of 2πx10²² metres.

The SciAm article below from 1998 links to the above in clarification of the questions raised.

http://auger.cnrs.fr/presse/ScAm_jan97.html
Cosmic Rays at the Energy Frontier
These particles carry more energy than any others in the universe.
Their origin is unknown but may be relatively nearby
by James W. Cronin, Thomas K. Gaisser and Simon P. Swordy

In Lake'ch - I am another yourself!

Welcome to the abode of the mansion builders operating from a unified perspective. Those mansion builders are the Mayan Elders from the Castles of the Dragons.

Every one of you is a mansion and in the process of being built in a cooperation of your tripartite construction of the superconscious, the subconscious and the conscious 'bodyforms' you choose to define yourselves in.

There are an average of 62.5 Trillion cells in an average human body and the global human population will be near 7 billion in the Mayan nexus of 2012.
Each human cellular 'unit of life' weighs about 1 nanogram for a mass of a trillionth of a terrestrial kilogram.

There are thus about 437.5 billion trillion human cells in a global human populus of 7 billion inhabitants.
The total human cellular biomass is so about 437.5 billion tons and does not include the 'alien' microbial lifeforms in all bodies, which on average multiply the cellular count by a factor of 20.

The total inertia of a selfreferential universe-seed of multidimensional closure in gravitational spacetimematter curvature is about 7x10⁵² kilograms and a total which is reduced by a factor of about 35 as a 'baryon seed' of inertial and luminous matter.

The ordinary matter of atoms and molecules, enabled to generate electromagnetic radiation is so about 3% of the totally gravitationally interacting mass content of the universe in its seedling cosmology.

Aleister Crowley, a human exponent of the 2oth century and seeking to understand his cosmic identity in a 'study' of the 'dark arts', claimed that: 'Every Man and Woman is a Star!'

'The Beast of the 666' was literally 'correct' in this statement; albeit his experiental understanding was 'short' on the scope of his gnosis.

There are very small galaxies in the universe and there are very large ones. A similar statistical distribution refers to the stars themselves.

There exist UCDGs=Ultra-Compact-Dwarf-Galaxies with a mass between 1 and 10% of an ordinary dwarf galaxy like the Small-Magellanic-Cloud (SMC) containing so 300 million stars.

BCG=Brightest-Cluster-Galaxy are up to 100 times more massive than the Milky Way as a Giant-Galaxy (GG) of about 300 billion stars and a Large Galaxy (LG) like the Large-Magellanic-Cloud (LMC) containing so 30 billion stars. The statistical average for the Magellanic Clouds so is a Small Galaxy (SG), containing 3 billion stars.

Summararily then, a sequence of galactic starscales can be geometrically arranged from the smallest and largest, differing as a statistical distribution by a factor of ten.

Min:UCDG:DG:SG:LG:GG:BCG:Max=0.003:0.03:0.3:3:30:300:3000:30000 and in a measure of billions of stars.

The geometric mean will then be the eight' root of the product as about 10 billion stars (9.487).

The average star masses range from the mass required for nuclear fusion to occur at so 0.08 solar masses (2x10³⁰kg) as the Brown Dwarf limit and the most massive stars are rare but can reach 100 solar masses as an upper limit for stellar stability.

The geometric average of √(0.08x100)~2.8 and describes a typical 'maximum stellar neutron core' in a very early epoch of the universe and at the time when the first 'protostars' or population III stars were born in the first million years following the Big Bang.

Those protostars were dineutron stars or ylemic vortex stars, which were defined as a function of their temperature only and independent on their inertia {Rylem=√(kT.Re³/G.mn²)}. In the later and cooler universe, the ylemic vortices transfomed their dineutronic radii to Jeans radii, characterising hydrogen cloud concentrations.

The Chandrasekhar White Dwarf limit is 3x10³⁰ kg and gives the mass of a star required to end its primary evolution as a supernova.
There are two main types of supernovae.
Type I is found in all galaxies, but has no hydrogen spectra; whilst type II supernovae have hydrogen spectra, but are not found in elliptical galaxies.

Type I supernovae engage binary star systems, where hydrogen is 'leaked' (or two white dwarves merge) to a white dwarf companion until the Chandrasekhar limit is reached. As the white dwarf inertial matter is 'degenerate' with atomic scales between electrons and the nuclei 'collapsed', neutron stars can form as remnants of the supernovae.

Type II supernovae are single stars, whose mass is in excess of 8 solar masses and the core collapse results in a feedback dynamics between inwards gravitational pressure and outwards radiation- and thermal pressure.

The 'extreme' stars are so limited in about 3 solar masses as a maximised neutron star mass and defined in the geometric mean between the brown dwarf limit and the maxium star stability limit and as 2.8 solar masses.

The factor of 35 now reduces this mass of 2.8 solar masses to 0.08 solar masses in the ratio of Maximum-Neutron-Star/Minimum-Star=560/16=35.

This shows the closure of the 'neutron star' universe to be a fractal of the closure of the (Black Hole) 'total universe'.

There are then 4.375x10²³ 'Idealised Brown Dwarves' in the 'closed' universe of mass 7x10⁵² kg and there are 1.25x10²² such Brown Dwarves in the 'open' universe of the baryon seed of 2x10⁵¹ kg.

As so 4.375x10²³ human cells comprise the population of the 'Gaian Universe'; it follows, that EVERY HUMAN CELL can be MAPPED as a STAR in the Closed Universe of Closure.

'The Beast of the AC' so underestimated his cosmic awareness.
Aleister Crowley should have said: 'Every Man and every Woman contains all of the stars in the universe as a selfcreated entity!'

The Size of the Universe is so 17 billion lightyears or 1.6x10²⁶ meters in radial extent as the Hubble-Seedling.
The Size of the universal building block is 1.6x10^-23 meters as the 'string core' as a transformed and magnified Planck-Radius.

The SUBATOMIC UNIVERSE is defined in a stellar core and a NUCLEAR CONFINEMENT zone, known as the classical electron radius, the latter having an extent of about 3 Fermi or 2.8x10^-15 meters.

Within this electronic radius, an 'inner mesonic radius' is defined at about 2.8x10^-18 meters and this 'zone' defines the strong nuclear interaction, just as the 'outer leptonic radius' defines the weak nuclear interaction in conjunction with the string-core defined in neutrino couplings.

The SubAtomic Universe of the Quantum String now maps the Classical Universe of Relativity and the Thermodynamics macroscopically.

The ratio: Neutrino:Meson:Lepton=(1.6x10^-23):(2.8x10^-18):(2.8x10^-15) becomes mapped as Star:Inner Solar System:Outer Solar System=(1.9x10⁶):(3.4x10¹¹):(3.4x10¹⁴)=Solar-Planetary-Crystal- Core:Asteroid Belt:Kuiper Belt.

The radius of a brown dwarf is Jupiter sized at about 70,000 kilometers, differing again by the factor of 35 from the 'string-core' mapped as 1,900 kilometers and as say a solar radius of 700,000 kilometers 'fuelled' by a centre 40,000 kilometers across.
This 'starry string center' then is extended in the radian measure relating a wavelength to a radius in the perimeter definition of 2π.
The 'open string' closes of the wavelength 'curls' up upon itself in 'compacting' its linear extent.

The crystal inner core of the earth is about 1,230 km in radius and the moon is of radius 1,740 km and the outer core of the earth at the molten mantle is at 3,490 km as a radius equal to the size of the moon.

The 1,900 km marker so describes a brown dwarf 'failed' star in terms of a 'successful planet' with the planet earth destined to transform into a 'dark star' following its metamorphosis.

A physical star like the sun then activates its central core as 2πR, which in the sun's case extends its string-core-radius from 40,000 km to 250,000 km or as so 18% of its diameter.

Beyond the Kuiper-Belt-Marker at 3.4x10¹⁴ meters or so 2100 AU, the local solar system begins to interact with other star systems via the Oort Cloud and similar geometrical considerations.

We next extend the SUBATOMIC Universe to the ATOMIC Universe and beyond.

The Inner Electronic Atom relates to the Outer Electronic Atom in the electromagnetic finestructure constant alpha=2πke²/hc~1/137 dimensionless in three well defined mathematical expressions and where k=1/4πεo in meters/farad and e is the electron charge quantum:

a) The Compton Radius Rc = h/2πmec = Re/alpha ~ 3.8x10^-13 meters with Planck's Action constant h and lightspeed c.
For inertial particles moving at a velocity v less than c, the Compton radius is known as a de Broglie Radius RdB=h/2πmev and defining a matter wave with momentum p=mev=h/λdB.

b) The First Bohr Radius (for Hydrogen) is: RB1 = Re/alpha²~ 5.3x10^-11 meters or o.53 Angstroems and where Re = ke²/mec²~2.8x10^-15meters. This radius describes the basic groundstate for the hydrogen atom, consisting of an electron 0.53 Angstroems distant from the protonic nucleus.

c) The Rydberg Radius (at infinity) is: R∞ = 4πRe/alpha³~ 9.0x10^-8meters. This radius becomes the fundamental proportionality constant for the electronic energy level in the quantised Bohr Atom in the Rydberg Energy: ERydberg = hc/R∞ ~ 2.2x10^-18Joules or ~ 13.7 eV.
For an atom with atomic number Z, the Rydberg Formula: 1/λ=(Z/R∞)(1/m² - 1/n²) gives the 'wavenumbers 1/λ' in the 'quantum integer counts m=1[Lyman], 2[Balmer], 3[Paschen], 4[Brackett], 5[Pfund],... and n=1,2,3,4,5,... for (m<n) and so defines the Hydrogen atom of Niels Bohr in the historical foundation of quantum mechanics.

We so map the ATOMIC UNIVERSE in the sequence:
(2.8x10^-15):(3.8x10^-13):(5.3x10^-11):(9.0x10^-8) onto the Classical Universe in the sequence: (3.4x10¹⁴):(4.7x10¹⁶):(6.4x10¹⁸):(1.1x10²²)=(0.036 or about 13 lightdays):(5.0):(677):(1.1 Million) in lightyear units, where one lightyear is about 9.46x10¹⁵meters.

The ATOMIC UNIVERSE so maps the Macrocosmos in the markers:
13 lightdays extrasolar system:Nearer Stars in Home Galaxy:Outer Stars or Bulge or Core:Galactic Size including Halo of RestmassPhotons as the 'missing gravitating nonluminous matter'.

The nanoscale of 90x10^-9meters so introduces the extragalactic scale with the radius of the Milky Way Galaxy of so 50,000 lightyears fractalising a nanoscale of about 4 nanometers and at the nucleotidal protein-peptide chain marker of DNA.

A small retrovirus has a scale of about 150 nanometers as a mapping of about 1.9 Million lightyears and so begins to describe the interaction of galactic cells with each other, say in the interaction of the 'male clockwise Milky Way' with the 'female anticlockwise Andromeda' and both spiral galaxies being about that distance of 2.5 million lightyears apart.

Interacting galaxies in the macrocosm so fractalise the interaction of cells in the microcosm.

A Galaxy so becomes the 'Unitary Cell' in the macrocosm and 'maps' the 'Unitary Cells' in the microcosm in the form of the Molecular permutations in Chemistry, used to build the elements of the periodic table.

The extend of the universe then is the Hubble boundary at 1.6x10²⁶ meters or one quadrillion AUs.

This cosmic boundary distance maps the fractal of the quantum world as the largest bacterium or unicellular creature upon Gaia; and so closes the circle of the holographic fractalisations.

1.6x10²⁶/3.4x10¹⁴=MacroCell/Electron Radius for a characteristic size of about 1.3 millimeters.

The microbe Thiomargarita Namibiensis is about 0.75 mm across and was discovered in 1999.

Thiomargarita Namibiensis is an inertial representative for the Hubble Universe as a whole and this bacterium contains all stars and all galaxies in the multidimensional and greater order of things and as understood by superconsciousness.

From:
''ScienceDaily (Apr. 16, 1999) - Washington DC -- A group of German, Spanish, and American researchers sampling sediment off the coast of Namibia have stumbled across the biggest bacteria ever known. The largest of these single-celled microbes is visible to the naked eye, about as big as the period at the end of this sentence and nearly 100 times larger than the previous bacterial record-holder. In addition to its giant size, the new microbe is an exotic organism that provides firmer evidence of coupling between two key environmental cycles thought until very recently to be mutually exclusive in the ocean: the sulfur and nitrogen cycles. The finding is described in the 16 April 1999 issue of Science.

'When I told them, my colleagues at first didn't believe me because the bacteria were so big,' recalls Heide Schulz, the Ph.D. student at Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology who found the bacterial behemoths glistening in sediment they had pulled into the research boat. 'But I've been working with exotic bacteria for a while now and I knew immediately that these were sulfur bacteria.'
The researchers named the new bacteria Thiomargarita namibiensis, which means 'Sulfur Pearl of Namibia.' The microbes store elemental sulfur just under the cell wall as well as nitrate in a huge central sac, which shines with an opalesque, blue-green whiteness. They also grow loosely attached in strings, leading the researchers to compare them with strands of outlandish pearls. The largest cells are three-quarters of a millimeter in diameter. But to get a better idea of how big this is, it helps to make an analogy: If the largest Thiomargarita was a blue whale, then an ordinary bacterium would be a bit smaller than a new-born mouse. The largest previously known bacterium -- Epulopiscum fishelsoni, which lives in the guts of surgeonfish -- would be about as big as a lion. ''