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To all who might be interested in this latest headline news about the pentaquarks!
Quantum Relativity has predicted the existence of a 'diquarks' for a decade by now and this headline confirms their existence
experimentally.
Briefly for the Quarks 101 agenda. The Standard Model defines Up, Down, Strange, Charm, Bottom and Top in 3 families
of incfreasing energy eigenstate.
There are really only two quarks, Up and Down. Strange is a resonance of Down and Charm itself is a quark-moleculed resonance
of the Up. Bottom is a molecule of the diquark UpDown and Top is a molecule of the diquark DownStrange. Then there are 'suppressed'
diquarks of the form UpUp and DownDown and UpStrange and StrangeStrange.
This completes a supersymmetry of intrinsic diquarks U=uu, D=dd, S=ss, b=ud, m=us and t=ds.
As there is cross-coupling and 'wave-mixing' due to the primordial Higgs Boson restmass induction; a hierarchy (outlined
in the extensive thread below) can be postulated.
The well known charm quark however becomes the basic mesonic quark-molecule which then leads to the described pentaquarks
of hyperbaryonic nature (see article).
The Charm quark c in the standard model becomes c=Uu(bar) in Quantum Relativity for example.
A beautiful quantum geometry at the core of the proton and all matter is awaiting to be discovered in conjunction with
the realisation of the Higgs Boson being no isolated particle but an universal template for all inertial particles or quark
wavelets.
PS.: m=magic, D=dainty and S=Super in an extended nomenclature of the diquark families.
Pentaquark discovery confounds sceptics
17:08 02 July 2003
NewScientist.com news service
Hazel Muir
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Maxim Polyakov, Ruhr University
Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute
Nuclear physics, Osaka University
Physical Review Letters
A brand new sub-atomic particle called the pentaquark has made its debut at labs in Japan and the US. Unlike ordinary
protons and neutrons in atomic nuclei, which contain three quarks, the pentaquark has five.
The result has delighted Russian physicists who predicted the mass of the particle in 1997, but met a lot of scepticism
from their peers.
"It was not an easy decision to publish our paper six years ago, but eventually we went ahead despite resistance
in the community," says Maxim Polyakov, now at the Ruhr University in Bochum, Germany. "It is a great pleasure that
our theory seems to be correct."
The pentaquark may have been common in the Universe just after the Big Bang, 14 billion years ago. And further studies
of it could help patch up some holes in the theory of the strong force that glues quarks together in particles like protons
and neutrons.
"The discovery is not just getting another animal in a zoo," says Polyakov. "It will seriously influence
our understanding of what the ordinary proton and neutron are made of and 'how they work'."
Up and down
Particles that contain quarks fall into two main categories. "Baryons", such as stable protons and neutrons
in atomic nuclei, contain three quarks. "Mesons" contain two, a quark and an anti-quark, but they are never stable
and vanish in a split second.
Theory does not forbid the existence of a short-lived five-quark particle, and scientists have looked for them in the
debris of particle-smasher experiments for decades. Having turned up nothing, they were beginning to think they had missed
some rule of nature that bans pentaquarks from forming.
But they got a new lead in 1997, thanks to work by Polyakov, Dmitri Diakonov and Victor Petrov at the Petersburg Nuclear
Physics Institute in Russia. They predicted that one particular pentaquark - containing two "up" quarks, two "down"
quarks and an "anti-strange" quark - should be about 1.5 times as heavy as a proton.
Now scientists say they have spotted a particle with the right mass and all the hallmarks of a pentaquark. A team led
by Takashi Nakano of Osaka University and another led by Ken Hicks at the Jefferson lab in Virginia made a high-energy gamma
ray interact with a neutron to create a meson and a pentaquark. The pentaquark survived for only about 10-20 seconds before
decaying into a meson and a neutron.
The Japanese results will appear in Physical Review Letters. Experiments at a Moscow lab have also found evidence for
this pentaquark. "The absence of these multiquark particles has bothered physicists for the last forty years," Polyakov
told New Scientist. "Now it is over."
But for the moment, physicists say they know very little about the new particle. "The discovery of the pentaquark
is really too new," says Hicks. "We haven't had time to think about the implications."
Is it or isn't it? Pentaquark debate heats up
April 21, 2005
penta
New data from the Department of Energy's Jefferson Lab shows the pentaquark doesn't appear in one place it was expected.
The result contradicts earlier findings in this same region and adds to the controversy over whether research groups from
around the world have caught a glimpse of the so-called pentaquark, a particle built of five quarks.
Researchers in Jefferson Lab's CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer (CLAS) collaboration took data with a high energy photon
beam on a liquid hydrogen target. In a similar experiment conducted by the SAPHIR collaboration at the ELectron Stretcher
Accelerator (ELSA) in Bonn, Germany, a signal revealing a pentaquark was observed. However, the Jefferson Lab team, whose
data contained two orders of magnitude better statistics, found no evidence of the pentaquark. Raffaella De Vita, a staff
scientist at Italy's Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare in Genova and a Jefferson Lab CLAS collaboration member, presented
the preliminary results in a post-deadline talk at the American Physical Society's (APS) April Meeting, Session B4 on April
16.
What the Jefferson Lab CLAS collaboration data shows is that in this particular channel there is no pentaquark at a level
of precision at least 50 times higher than the published SAPHIR result. The CLAS researchers in this analysis will take another
round of data in 2006 to look for the pentaquark in a different channel and at higher energies.
Jefferson Lab researchers are currently in the midst of several dedicated hunts for the pentaquark, including an experiment
repeating Jefferson Lab's original pentaquark search with much higher statistics. That data is still being analyzed, and researchers
expect to present the results later this year.
The first pentaquark sighting was announced by SPring-8 researchers in the spring of 2003, and the same year, Jefferson
Lab, ITEP and ELSA researchers announced that they, too, may have spotted tantalizing hints of the particle in data previously
taken in other experiments. For instance, the SAPHIR collaboration's evidence of the Theta-plus pentaquark came from data
they took in 1997/98 and indicated a pentaquark mass of 1540 MeV (million electron volts). Several experiments since then
have backed up these early sightings, while others have failed to confirm the sightings.
Most ordinary matter is built of quarks. They're usually found in twos (as particles called mesons) and threes (as particles
called baryons, such as protons and neutrons). While the pentaquark's five-quark configuration is not forbidden by the theory
of the strong interaction, finding one would be the first sighting of an exotic baryon.
Source: DOE/Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility
Dear Forums!
As the article/ news release relates to my special fields of interest; allow me to elucidate the article with additional
data and forward the explanation for the requirement of pentaquarks and quark-molecules as diquark states in unification
physics.
The described technical details relate to the perturbation techniques applied by the researchers in convergent Fourier/Taylor
series.
Excerpt from my book: "Where is the God of Science? The Death of the Supernaturality Virus"; pages 87-89
Logan Antico: "This explains the primordial abundance of the elements as a function of the energy spectrum of the
supermembranes, macroquantising into the electronic and protonic radii. But what about the subnucleonic geometric scales of
the quarks, how are those defined?
And didn't they discover the pentaquark in Japan, initially thinking of having perhaps discovered a new form of matter?"
Robert Sceptico: "Yes, that and a correlating discovery at the Standford Linear Accelerator in California and the
neutrino research of Kamiokande in 1998 helped us to reformulate the New Standard Model of particle physics, replacing the
old norm of 'billard balls linked by gluonic springs' with our KKIRKOR or Kernel-Inner Mesonic Ring-Outer Leptonic Ring quantum
geometry.
The HBRMI works on certain ratios to generate the masses of the elementary particles; one ratio links the cross fertilisation
between the rings and the kernel and the others finetune the linear patterns of growth for the nine quarkian basetemplates.
In the old model, there were no diquarks or quark-molecules, but in the new model the three base-quarks up-down-strange
or uds are 'doubled' in the DoubleUp (U=uu), the DoubleDown (D=dd) and the DoubleStrange (S=ss); all as VPE-resonances of
the basequarks u, d and s.
The DoubleUp forms a quark singlet as the basis for the Charmed Quark (c=Uu(bar)) and the Double-Down and DoubleStrange
are resonances of the DoubleUp-VPE and form a quark doublet in the di-quark states (b*=(ud), m*=(us)) and a quark triplet
in the diquark states (D=(dd), t*=(ds), S=(ss)).
The mass scale consists of the Kernel-K-masses in a certain range and the IR-OR-masses in a cross fertilising scale, being
contained in the K-mass scale and based on the supersymmetry from the heterotic superbrane class HO(32) in its energy definition.
That particular supermembrane defines the X-Boson for Grand-Unification at (1,885 trillion GeV*) in an energy unification
of the SNI and the EMI and the WNI, the latter two being the EWI as the ElectroWeak Interaction; the cross fertilisation arises
in unifying the GI with the EWI, resulting in the L-Boson as the basetemplate for the Muon (m) as (111.045 MeV*).
The formulations involve the pentagonal supersymmetry and an unification polynomial for the four basic interactions, centred
on the invariance of the EMI's [Alpha], mapped in (C) and can be written as: {P(C)=CCCC+2CCC-CC-2C+1=(1-C)(C)(1+C)(2+C)-1=0}.
-87-
The X-Boson's mass is: ([Alpha]xmps/(ec)) modulated in (SNI/EMI=Cuberoot of [Alpha]/[Alpha]), the intrinsic unified Interaction-Strength
and as the L-Boson's mass in: ([Omega]x(ec)/(mpsxa<2/3>), where the (Cuberoot of [Alpha]^2) is given by the symbol (a<2/3>)=EMI/SNI).
Ten quark-mass-levels crystallise, including a VPE-level for the K-IR transition and a VPE-level for the IR-OR transition:
VPE-Level [K-IR] is (26.4922-29.9621 MeV*) for K-Mean: (14.11358 MeV*); (2.8181-3.1872 MeV*) for IROR;
VPE-Level [IR-OR] is (86.5263-97.8594 MeV*) for K-Mean: (46.09643 MeV*); (9.2042-10.410 MeV*) for IROR;
UP/DOWN-Level is (282.5263-319.619 MeV*) for K-Mean: (150.5558 MeV*); (30.062-33.999 MeV*) for IROR;
STRANGE-Level is (923.013-1,043.91 MeV*) for K-Mean: (491.7308 MeV*); (98.185-111.05 MeV*) for IROR;
CHARM-Level is (3,014.66-3,409.51 MeV*) for K-Mean: (1,606.043 MeV*); (320.68-362.69 MeV*) for IROR;
BEAUTY-Level is (9,846.18-11,135.8 MeV*) for K-Mean: (5,245.495 MeV*); (1,047.4-1,184.6 MeV*) for IROR;
MAGIC-Level is (32,158.6-36,370.7 MeV*) for K-Mean: (17,132.33 MeV*); (3,420.9-3,868.9 MeV*) for IROR;
DAINTY-Level is (105,033-118,791 MeV*) for K-Mean: (55,956.0 MeV*); (11,173-12,636 MeV*) for IROR;
TRUTH-Level is (343,050-387,982 MeV*) for K-Mean: (182,758.0 MeV*); (36,492-41,271 MeV*) for IROR;
SUPER-Level is (1,120,437-1,267,190 MeV*) for K-Mean: (596,906.8 MeV*); (119,186-134,797 MeV*) for IROR.
The K-Means define individual materialising families of elementary particles; the (UP/DOWN-Mean) sets the (PION-FAMILY:
po, p+, p-); the (STRANGE-Mean) specifies the (KAON-FAMILY: Ko, K+, K-); the (CHARM-Mean) defines the (J/PSI=J/Y-Charmonium-FAMILY);
the (BEAUTY-Mean) sets the (UPSILON=U-Bottonium-FAMILY); the (MAGIC-Mean) specifies the (EPSILON=E-FAMILY); the (DAINTY-Mean)
bases the (OMICRON-O-FAMILY); the (TRUTH-Mean) sets the (KOPPA=J-Topomium-FAMILY) and the (SUPER-Mean)defines the final quark
state in the (HIGGS/CHI=H/C-FAMILY).
The VPE-Means are indicators for average effective quarkmasses found in particular interactions.
Kernel-K-mixing of the wavefunctions gives (K(+)=60.210 MeV* and K(-)=31.983 MeV*) and the IROR-Ring-Mixing gives (L(+)=6.405
MeV* and L(-)=3.402 MeV*) for a (L-K-Mean of 1.50133 MeV*) and a (L-IROR-Mean of 4.90349 MeV*); the Electropole ([e-] =0.52049
MeV*) as the effective electronmass and as determined from the electronic radius and the magnetocharge in the UFoQR.
The restmasses for the elementary particles can now be constructed, using the basic nucleonic restmass (mc=9.9247245x10^-28
kg*=(Squareroot of [Omega]xmP)) and setting (mc) as the basic maximum (UP/DOWN-K-mass=mass(KKK)=3xmass(KKK)=3x319.62 MeV*=958.857
MeV*);
Subtracting the (Ring VPE 3xL(+), one gets the basic nucleonic K-state of: m(no,p+)=939.642 MeV*).
For the proton-restmass, we then add {L(K-IR-VPE)-[e-]}=udD=1.5013-0.5205=0.980835 MeV* or 0.978461379 MeV for the d-quark
and double this for the two d-quarks of the neutron.
(Proton-Restmass: (mp+) = 939.642+1.5013-0.5205 MeV* = 940.62 MeV* or 938.34 MeV (SI));
(Neutron-Restmass: (mno) = 939.642+3.0026-1.041 MeV* = 941.61 MeV* or 939.33 MeV (SI)).
The difference between the restmasses for the proton and the neutron hence becomes a consequence of the manifestation
of their differing Calabi-Yau quantum geometries in KKIRK=udu and KIRKKIR=dud, respectively.
Unlike Kernel-Ring geometries attract and unlike Kernel-Ring geometries repel in the cross fertilisations of the magnetocharges
(e*), defining the chromaticity-chargeforce of the HBRMI.
Subtracting the {L(IR-OR-VPE)-[e-]}=dsD=4.90349-0.5205=4.3830 MeV* or 4.3724 MeV from the L-Boson-mass gives the muon-mass
and the tauon-mass adds VPE-corrections (mm, (K+), (L+), 2IROR) to the Charm-K-mean with:
( Muon-Restmass (mm) = 111.045-4.9035 MeV* = 106.15 MeV* or 105.89 MeV);
(Tauon-Restmass: (mt) = 1,606.043+(mm)+60.210+6.405+9.807 MeV* = 1,788.62 MeV* or 1,784.29 MeV).
The neutral pion uses the Pion-K-VPE minus the contained Pion-IROR-VPE and adds 2 electropole corrections as the KK(bar)
-Groundstate and the charged pion then adds two (K-IR)-VPEs and 2[e-] to that groundstate for:
BasePion-Restmass: (mpo) = 150.5558-16.015+1.041 MeV* = 135.581 MeV* or 135.253 MeV and
ChargedPion-Restmass: (mp+-) = (mpo)+4.184035 MeV* = 139.765 MeV* or 139.427 MeV.
The massdifferential between the baseneutral and basecharged VPE-state is called 'Basedelta' or (BD=4.184035 MeV*); used
to denote a basic energy differential between the up- and down state in VPE coupling between quarks and antiquarks and derives
from individual quarkmass differentials.
Because the outer ring carries the potential for a trisected electropolic charge; the OR-corrections ([e-/3]=0.1735 MeV*
or [2e-/3]=0.3470 MeV*) can slightly alter the measured masses, for instance reducing (mm = 105.98 MeV* or 105.72 MeV) and
enhancing (no = 941.95 MeV* or 939.67 MeV).
-88-
Now in July 2003, Takashi Nakano of Osaka University reported the discovery of a pentaquark, made up of two up-quarks
and two down-quarks and an antiquark, say a s(bar).
The particle was found at the Spring-8 particle accelerator in Hyogo, Japan after the St.Petersburg nuclear physicist
Dmitri Diakonov had predicted the existence of a shortlived particle at an energy scale of 1,540 MeV.
Nakano found the pentaquark in the debris of particles, caused by smashing gamma-ray-photons into the neutrons of Carbon
atoms.
Then nuclear physicist Ken Hicks of the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility in Virginia, USA, confirmed the
existence of the 1.54 GeV pentaquark-particle, which lives for about (1 hundreth of a nanosecond-squared).
As it takes light about (1 hundreth of a trillionth of a nanosecond) to cross the electronic radius (re); the 1.54 GeV
pentaquark lives about 1,000 times longer than nuclear resonances decaying via the Strong-Nuclear-Interaction (SNI).
Now our new Standard Model defines the 'Charmed Quark State' at (1.606 GeV*) as the K-VPE-Mean and containing a 'charmed'
IROR-VPE of (0.1708425 GeV*) and engaging the DoubleUp-quark with quark content (U=uu), coupled to VPE, (say uu(bar) or dd(bar)
or ss(bar)) and then other quarks or antiquarks.
The experiments were designed to detect K-mesons, defined in a 'Strange-K-VPE-Mean' of (0.4917 GeV*), containing the 'Strange-L-VPE-Mean'
of (0.1046175 GeV*).
Hence we are looking at the s-quark oscillation of the outer ring produced by 'Charm-VPE'.
If we denote the transition of the down-strange oscillation as d*d*=u**u**=ss=S, then we crystallise a VPE-neutron of
the Carbon atoms as observed by Takashi Nakano and Ken Hicks.
Set (Uu(bar)S = uuu(bar)ss =u(VPE)d*d*=d*u(VPE)d* = VPE-(no)).
The energy supplied was near the Charm-VPE to allow manifestation of a Diakonov-Nakano-Hicks-particle at a level given
by the mass-induction scale as: (Charm-K-Mean=1.606043 MeV*~1.116+0.341685+0.104615+0.0320305+0.01281=1.6071405 MeV*), the
difference being a [2e-]-perturbation.
Subtracting (K(+)+L(+)=66.615 MeV*) in a 'reduced' Charm-K-Mean of (1.6071-0.0666=1.5405 MeV* or 1.5368 GeV) then yields
the 1.54 GeV pentaquark particle observed.
Another breakthrough regarding the revised Standard Model occurred in April of the same year.
Marcello Giorgi from the BaBar detector at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Centre in California, USA announced the discovery
of a particle called the (Ds(2317)=Ds(2.317 GeV)).
Thought to be a resonance-quark state of a charm-quark and an antistrange-quark, the cs(bar) particle is expected to have
a mass somewhat above its highest VPE-state, based on the sum of its groundstate of (1.969 GeV) and its (Eta-ss(bar)-VPE groundstate
of 0.549 GeV) and so near (2.518 GeV).
Relative to the old Standard Model, the c-quark is not finestructured as a triquark, as in the new model and the expected
mass of the cs(bar) quark-state is corrected to a combined gluon-quark energy of at least (2.518 GeV or 2.524 GeV*); the (Ds(2317))
hence does not fit into the old model, its measured mass being too small by at least (201 MeV or 8%).
In the new model, the K-OR-oscillation requires the maximum VPE contributions in adding the Charm-K-Mean to the Strange-K-Mean
to the Up/Down-K-Mean to K(+) to 2L(+) in the sum: (1.6060 + 0.4917 + 0.1506 + 0.0602 + 0.0064 = 2.3213 GeV* or 2.3157 GeV).
In the new model then, the (cs(bar)=Uu(bar)s(bar)=u(VPE)s(bar)) and a quadroquark or quark molecule, consisting of a permutation
of two quarks and two antiquarks in diquark form."
The Rising of the Sun, The Running of the Deer
The holly and the ivy,
When they are both full grown,
Of all trees that are in the wood,
The holly bears the crown
Yuletide Carol from Druidic Origins
Blessings and Joy on the Return of the Light
(posted by Jordan Stratford+, 21.12.2004)
(H)e(S)e(H)=TwinSoul=GoDoG=DoGoD
LIAFAIL=50=CIRCLE=PACIFICAP=64=8x8=ISRAEL=EXODUS.3.14
YaHWHeY=95=Excalibur=IAMTHATIAM=Scorpio=Neptune=59=DRAGON
Tony 104 of a native Indian emblem of the Running Deer!!!
http://tonyb.freeyellow.com and http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/quantumrelativity
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