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To all who might be interested in this latest headline news about the pentaquarks!
Quantum Relativity has predicted
the existence of a 'diquarks' for a decade by now and this headline confirms their existence experimentally.
Briefly
for the Quarks 101 agenda. The Standard Model defines Up, Down, Strange, Charm, Bottom and Top in 3 families of increasing
energy eigenstate.
There are really only two quarks, Up and Down. Strange is a resonance of Down and Charm
itself is a quark-moleculed resonance of the Up. Bottom is a molecule of the diquark UpDown and Top is a molecule of the diquark
DownStrange. Then there are 'suppressed' diquarks of the form UpUp and DownDown and UpStrange and StrangeStrange.
This
completes a supersymmetry of intrinsic diquarks U=uu, D=dd, S=ss, b=ud, m=us and t=ds.
As there is cross-coupling and
'wave-mixing' due to the primordial Higgs Boson restmass induction; a hierarchy (outlined in the extensive thread below) can
be postulated.
The well known charm quark however becomes the basic mesonic quark-molecule which then leads
to the described pentaquarks of hyperbaryonic nature (see article).
The Charm quark c in the standard model
becomes c=Uu(bar) in Quantum Relativity for example.
A beautiful quantum geometry at the core of the proton
and for all matter is awaiting to be discovered in conjunction with the realisation of the Higgs Boson being no isolated particle,
but an universal template for all inertial particles or quark wavelets.
PS.:
m=magic, D=dainty and S=Super in an extended nomenclature for the diquark families.
Pentaquark discovery confounds sceptics
- 17:08 02 July 2003
- NewScientist.com news service
- Hazel Muir
Related Articles
A brand new sub-atomic particle called the pentaquark has made its debut at labs
in Japan and the US. Unlike ordinary protons and neutrons in atomic nuclei, which contain three quarks, the pentaquark has
five. The result has delighted Russian physicists who predicted the mass of the particle in 1997, but met a lot of
scepticism from their peers. "It was not an easy decision to publish our paper six years ago, but eventually we went
ahead despite resistance in the community," says Maxim Polyakov, now at the Ruhr University in Bochum, Germany. "It is a great
pleasure that our theory seems to be correct." The pentaquark may have been common in the Universe just after the Big
Bang, 14 billion years ago. And further studies of it could help patch up some holes in the theory of the strong force that
glues quarks together in particles like protons and neutrons. "The discovery is not just getting another animal in
a zoo," says Polyakov. "It will seriously influence our understanding of what the ordinary proton and neutron are made of
and 'how they work'."
Up and downParticles that contain quarks fall into two main categories. "Baryons", such as stable protons and
neutrons in atomic nuclei, contain three quarks. "Mesons" contain two, a quark and an anti-quark, but they are never stable
and vanish in a split second. Theory does not forbid the existence of a short-lived five-quark particle, and scientists
have looked for them in the debris of particle-smasher experiments for decades. Having turned up nothing, they were beginning
to think they had missed some rule of nature that bans pentaquarks from forming. But they got a new lead in 1997, thanks
to work by Polyakov, Dmitri Diakonov and Victor Petrov at the Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute in Russia. They predicted
that one particular pentaquark - containing two "up" quarks, two "down" quarks and an "anti-strange" quark - should be about
1.5 times as heavy as a proton. Now scientists say they have spotted a particle with the right mass and all the hallmarks
of a pentaquark. A team led by Takashi Nakano of Osaka University and another led by Ken Hicks at the Jefferson lab in Virginia
made a high-energy gamma ray interact with a neutron to create a meson and a pentaquark. The pentaquark survived for only
about 10 -20 seconds before decaying into a meson and a neutron. The Japanese results will appear in Physical
Review Letters. Experiments at a Moscow lab have also found evidence for this pentaquark. "The absence of these multiquark
particles has bothered physicists for the last forty years," Polyakov told New Scientist. "Now it is over." But
for the moment, physicists say they know very little about the new particle. "The discovery of the pentaquark is really too
new," says Hicks. "We haven't had time to think about the implications."
Is it or isn't it? Pentaquark debate heats up
April 21, 2005
New data from the Department of Energy's Jefferson Lab shows the pentaquark doesn't appear in one place it was expected.
The result contradicts earlier findings in this same region and adds to the controversy over whether research groups from
around the world have caught a glimpse of the so-called pentaquark, a particle built of five quarks. |
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Researchers in Jefferson Lab's CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer (CLAS)
collaboration took data with a high energy photon beam on a liquid hydrogen target. In a similar experiment conducted by the
SAPHIR collaboration at the ELectron Stretcher Accelerator (ELSA) in Bonn, Germany, a signal revealing a pentaquark was observed.
However, the Jefferson Lab team, whose data contained two orders of magnitude better statistics, found no evidence of the
pentaquark. Raffaella De Vita, a staff scientist at Italy's Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare in Genova and a Jefferson
Lab CLAS collaboration member, presented the preliminary results in a post-deadline talk at the American Physical Society's
(APS) April Meeting, Session B4 on April 16.
What the Jefferson Lab CLAS collaboration data shows is that in this
particular channel there is no pentaquark at a level of precision at least 50 times higher than the published SAPHIR result.
The CLAS researchers in this analysis will take another round of data in 2006 to look for the pentaquark in a different channel
and at higher energies.
Jefferson Lab researchers are currently in the midst of several dedicated hunts for the pentaquark,
including an experiment repeating Jefferson Lab's original pentaquark search with much higher statistics. That data is still
being analyzed, and researchers expect to present the results later this year.
The first pentaquark sighting was announced
by SPring-8 researchers in the spring of 2003, and the same year, Jefferson Lab, ITEP and ELSA researchers announced that
they, too, may have spotted tantalizing hints of the particle in data previously taken in other experiments. For instance,
the SAPHIR collaboration's evidence of the Theta-plus pentaquark came from data they took in 1997/98 and indicated a pentaquark
mass of 1540 MeV (million electron volts). Several experiments since then have backed up these early sightings, while others
have failed to confirm the sightings.
Most ordinary matter is built of quarks. They're usually found in twos (as particles
called mesons) and threes (as particles called baryons, such as protons and neutrons). While the pentaquark's five-quark configuration
is not forbidden by the theory of the strong interaction, finding one would be the first sighting of an exotic baryon.
Source:
DOE/Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility
Dear Forums!
As the article/ news release relates to my special fields of interest; allow me to elucidate the article with additional
data and forward the explanation for the requirement of pentaquarks and quark-molecules as diquark states in unification
physics.
The described technical details relate to the perturbation techniques applied by the researchers in convergent
Fourier/Taylor series.
Excerpt from my book: "Where is the God of Science? The Death of the
Supernaturality Virus"; pages 87-89
Logan Antico: "This
explains the primordial abundance of the elements as a function of the energy spectrum of the supermembranes, macroquantising
into the electronic and protonic radii. But what about the subnucleonic geometric scales of the quarks, how are those defined?
And
didn't they discover the pentaquark in Japan, initially thinking of having perhaps discovered a new form of matter?"
Robert
Sceptico: "Yes, that and a correlating discovery at the Standford Linear Accelerator in California and the neutrino research
of Kamiokande in 1998 helped us to reformulate the New Standard Model of particle physics, replacing the old norm of 'billard
balls linked by gluonic springs' with our KKIRKOR or Kernel-Inner Mesonic Ring-Outer Leptonic Ring quantum geometry.
The
HBRMI works on certain ratios to generate the masses of the elementary particles; one ratio links the cross fertilisation
between the rings and the kernel and the others finetune the linear patterns of growth for the nine quarkian basetemplates.
In
the old model, there were no diquarks or quark-molecules, but in the new model the three base-quarks up-down-strange or uds
are 'doubled' in the DoubleUp (U=uu), the DoubleDown (D=dd) and the DoubleStrange (S=ss); all
as VPE-resonances of the basequarks u, d and s.
The DoubleUp forms a quark singlet as the basis for
the Charmed Quark (c=Uu(bar)) and the Double-Down and DoubleStrange
are resonances of the DoubleUp-VPE and form a quark doublet in the di-quark states (b*=(ud), m*=(us)) and a quark triplet in the diquark states (D=(dd), t*=(ds), S=(ss)).
The mass scale consists of the Kernel-K-masses in a certain range and the
IR-OR-masses in a cross fertilising scale, being contained in the K-mass scale and based on the supersymmetry from the heterotic
superbrane class HO(32) in its energy definition.
That particular supermembrane defines the X-Boson
for Grand-Unification at (1,885 trillion GeV*) in an energy unification
of the SNI and the EMI and the WNI, the latter two being the EWI as the ElectroWeak Interaction; the cross fertilisation arises
in unifying the GI with the EWI, resulting in the L-Boson as the basetemplate for the Muon (m) as (111.045 MeV*).
The formulations
involve the pentagonal supersymmetry and an unification polynomial for the four basic interactions, centred on the invariance
of the EMI's [Alpha], mapped in (C) and can be written
as: {P(C)=CCCC+2CCC-CC-2C+1=(1-C)(C)(1+C)(2+C)-1=0}.
-87-
The X-Boson's mass is: ([Alpha]xmps/(ec)) modulated in (SNI/EMI=Cuberoot of [Alpha]/[Alpha]), the intrinsic unified Interaction-Strength and as the L-Boson's mass in: ([Omega]x(ec)/(mpsxa<2/3>), where the (Cuberoot of [Alpha]^2)
is given by the symbol (a<2/3>)=EMI/SNI).
Ten quark-mass-levels crystallise, including a VPE-level
for the K-IR transition and a VPE-level for the IR-OR transition:
VPE-Level
[K-IR] is (26.4922-29.9621 MeV*) for K-Mean: (14.11358 MeV*); (2.8181-3.1872 MeV*) for IROR;
VPE-Level [IR-OR] is (86.5263-97.8594 MeV*) for K-Mean: (46.09643 MeV*); (9.2042-10.410 MeV*) for IROR;
UP/DOWN-Level is (282.5263-319.619 MeV*) for K-Mean: (150.5558
MeV*); (30.062-33.999 MeV*) for IROR;
STRANGE-Level
is (923.013-1,043.91 MeV*) for K-Mean: (491.7308 MeV*); (98.185-111.05 MeV*) for IROR;
CHARM-Level is (3,014.66-3,409.51 MeV*) for K-Mean: (1,606.043
MeV*); (320.68-362.69 MeV*) for IROR;
BEAUTY-Level
is (9,846.18-11,135.8 MeV*) for K-Mean: (5,245.495 MeV*); (1,047.4-1,184.6 MeV*) for IROR;
MAGIC-Level is (32,158.6-36,370.7 MeV*) for K-Mean: (17,132.33 MeV*); (3,420.9-3,868.9 MeV*) for IROR;
DAINTY-Level is (105,033-118,791 MeV*) for K-Mean: (55,956.0
MeV*); (11,173-12,636 MeV*) for IROR;
TRUTH-Level
is (343,050-387,982 MeV*) for K-Mean: (182,758.0 MeV*); (36,492-41,271 MeV*) for IROR;
SUPER-Level is (1,120,437-1,267,190 MeV*) for K-Mean:
(596,906.8 MeV*); (119,186-134,797 MeV*) for IROR.
The K-Means define individual materialising
families of elementary particles; the (UP/DOWN-Mean) sets the (PION-FAMILY: po, p+, p-); the (STRANGE-Mean) specifies the
(KAON-FAMILY: Ko, K+, K-); the (CHARM-Mean) defines the (J/PSI=J/Y-Charmonium-FAMILY); the (BEAUTY-Mean) sets the (UPSILON=U-Bottonium-FAMILY); the (MAGIC-Mean) specifies the (EPSILON=E-FAMILY); the (DAINTY-Mean) bases the (OMICRON-O-FAMILY); the (TRUTH-Mean) sets the (KOPPA=J-Topomium-FAMILY)
and the (SUPER-Mean)defines the final quark state in the (HIGGS/CHI=H/C-FAMILY).
The VPE-Means
are indicators for average effective quarkmasses found in particular interactions.
Kernel-K-mixing
of the wavefunctions gives (K(+)=60.210 MeV* and K(-)=31.983 MeV*) and the IROR-Ring-Mixing gives (L(+)=6.405 MeV* and L(-)=3.402 MeV*) for a (L-K-Mean of 1.50133 MeV*) and a (L-IROR-Mean of 4.90349 MeV*); the Electropole ([e-]
=0.52049 MeV*) as the effective electronmass and as determined from the electronic
radius and the magnetocharge in the UFoQR.
The restmasses for the elementary particles can now be
constructed, using the basic nucleonic restmass (mc=9.9247245x10^-28 kg*=(Squareroot
of [Omega]xmP)) and setting (mc) as
the basic maximum (UP/DOWN-K-mass=mass(KKK)=3xmass(KKK)=3x319.62 MeV*=958.857 MeV*);
Subtracting
the (Ring VPE 3xL(+), one gets the basic nucleonic K-state of: m(no,p+)=939.642 MeV*).
For
the proton-restmass, we then add {L(K-IR-VPE)-[e-]}=udD=1.5013-0.5205=0.980835 MeV* or 0.978461379 MeV for
the d-quark and double this for the two d-quarks of the neutron.
(Proton-Restmass: (mp+) = 939.642+1.5013-0.5205 MeV* = 940.62 MeV* or 938.34 MeV (SI));
(Neutron-Restmass: (mno) = 939.642+3.0026-1.041 MeV* = 941.61 MeV* or 939.33 MeV (SI)).
The
difference between the restmasses for the proton and the neutron hence becomes a consequence of the manifestation of their
differing Calabi-Yau quantum geometries in KKIRK=udu and KIRKKIR=dud, respectively.
Unlike
Kernel-Ring geometries attract and unlike Kernel-Ring geometries repel in the cross fertilisations of the magnetocharges (e*), defining the chromaticity-chargeforce of the
HBRMI.
Subtracting the {L(IR-OR-VPE)-[e-]}=dsD=4.90349-0.5205=4.3830 MeV* or 4.3724
MeV from the L-Boson-mass gives the muon-mass and the tauon-mass adds VPE-corrections (mm, (K+), (L+), 2IROR) to the Charm-K-mean with:
( Muon-Restmass (mm) =
111.045-4.9035 MeV* = 106.15 MeV* or 105.89 MeV);
(Tauon-Restmass:
(mt)
= 1,606.043+(mm)+60.210+6.405+9.807
MeV* = 1,788.62 MeV* or 1,784.29 MeV).
The neutral
pion uses the Pion-K-VPE minus the contained Pion-IROR-VPE and adds 2 electropole corrections as the KK(bar) -Groundstate and the charged pion
then adds two (K-IR)-VPEs and 2[e-] to that groundstate for:
BasePion-Restmass:
(mpo) = 150.5558-16.015+1.041 MeV* = 135.581 MeV* or 135.253 MeV and
ChargedPion-Restmass: (mp+-) = (mpo)+4.184035 MeV* = 139.765 MeV* or 139.427 MeV.
The massdifferential between the baseneutral and basecharged VPE-state is called 'Basedelta' or (BD=4.184035 MeV*); used to denote a basic energy differential between the up- and down state in VPE coupling between
quarks and antiquarks and derives from individual quarkmass differentials.
Because the outer ring
carries the potential for a trisected electropolic charge; the OR-corrections ([e-/3]=0.1735
MeV* or [2e-/3]=0.3470 MeV*) can slightly alter the measured masses, for instance reducing
(mm = 105.98 MeV* or 105.72
MeV) and enhancing (no = 941.95 MeV* or 939.67 MeV).
-88-
Now
in July 2003, Takashi Nakano of Osaka University reported the discovery of a pentaquark, made up of two up-quarks and two
down-quarks and an antiquark, say a s(bar).
The particle was found at the Spring-8 particle accelerator in Hyogo, Japan after
the St.Petersburg nuclear physicist Dmitri Diakonov had predicted the existence of a shortlived particle at an energy scale
of 1,540 MeV.
Nakano found the pentaquark in the debris of particles, caused by smashing gamma-ray-photons
into the neutrons of Carbon atoms.
Then nuclear physicist Ken Hicks of the Thomas Jefferson National
Accelerator Facility in Virginia, USA, confirmed the existence of the 1.54 GeV pentaquark-particle, which lives for about
(1 hundreth of a nanosecond-squared).
As it takes light about (1
hundreth of a trillionth of a nanosecond) to cross the electronic radius (re); the 1.54 GeV pentaquark lives about
1,000 times longer than nuclear resonances decaying via the Strong-Nuclear-Interaction (SNI).
Now
our new Standard Model defines the 'Charmed Quark State' at (1.606 GeV*) as the K-VPE-Mean and containing a 'charmed' IROR-VPE of (0.1708425 GeV*) and engaging the DoubleUp-quark with quark content (U=uu), coupled to VPE, (say uu(bar) or dd(bar) or ss(bar)) and then other quarks or antiquarks.
The experiments were designed to
detect K-mesons, defined in a 'Strange-K-VPE-Mean' of (0.4917 GeV*), containing the 'Strange-L-VPE-Mean' of (0.1046175 GeV*).
Hence we are looking at the s-quark oscillation of the outer ring produced
by 'Charm-VPE'.
If we denote the transition of the down-strange oscillation as d*d*=u**u**=ss=S, then
we crystallise a VPE-neutron of the Carbon atoms as observed by Takashi Nakano and Ken Hicks.
Set
(Uu(bar)S
= uuu(bar)ss =u(VPE)d*d*=d*u(VPE)d* = VPE-(no)).
The
energy supplied was near the Charm-VPE to allow manifestation of a Diakonov-Nakano-Hicks-particle at a level given by the
mass-induction scale as: (Charm-K-Mean=1.606043 MeV*~1.116+0.341685+0.104615+0.0320305+0.01281=1.6071405
MeV*), the difference being a [2e-]-perturbation.
Subtracting (K(+)+L(+)=66.615
MeV*) in a 'reduced' Charm-K-Mean of (1.6071-0.0666=1.5405 MeV*
or 1.5368 GeV) then yields the 1.54 GeV pentaquark particle observed.
Another breakthrough regarding the revised
Standard Model occurred in April of the same year.
Marcello Giorgi from the BaBar detector at the
Stanford Linear Accelerator Centre in California, USA announced the discovery of a particle called the (Ds(2317)=Ds(2.317 GeV)).
Thought
to be a resonance-quark state of a charm-quark and an antistrange-quark, the cs(bar) particle is expected to have a mass somewhat above its highest VPE-state, based on the sum of its groundstate
of (1.969 GeV) and its (Eta-ss(bar)-VPE groundstate of 0.549 GeV) and so near (2.518 GeV).
Relative to the old Standard Model, the
c-quark is not finestructured as a triquark, as in the new model and the expected mass of the cs(bar) quark-state is corrected to a combined gluon-quark energy of at least
(2.518 GeV or 2.524 GeV*); the (Ds(2317)) hence does not fit into the old model, its
measured mass being too small by at least (201 MeV or 8%).
In
the new model, the K-OR-oscillation requires the maximum VPE contributions in adding the Charm-K-Mean to the Strange-K-Mean
to the Up/Down-K-Mean to K(+) to 2L(+) in the sum: (1.6060 + 0.4917 + 0.1506
+ 0.0602 + 0.0064 = 2.3213 GeV* or 2.3157 GeV).
In the new model then,
the (cs(bar)=Uu(bar)s(bar)=u(VPE)s(bar)) and a quadroquark or quark molecule, consisting of a permutation of two quarks and two antiquarks in diquark
form."
The Rising of the Sun, The Running of the Deer
The holly and the ivy,
When they are both full grown,
Of all trees that are in the wood,
The holly bears
the crown
Yuletide Carol from Druidic Origins
Blessings and Joy on the Return of the Light
(posted by Jordan Stratford+, 21.12.2004) 
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