This assembly of essays shall address the standard model of contemporary physics and how it has become renewed by recent high-tech experiments and by Quantum Relativity.

Introduction

The physically manifest universe is observed, measured and analysed by the most honourable discipline of physics; the 'Mother of all the sciences and wisdoms'.

This 'Gnosis of Sophia' can be known esoterically in a school of thought as HarlotA PrincipiA PhysicA.

The spiritually manifest universe is experienced, unmeasured and philosophised by the most honourable discipline of aphysics; the 'Father of all the sciences and wisdoms' and can be known in a school of gnostic thought as DiabloS LogoS SpirituS.

The distinction above can then be considered as mutually exclusive in a label of either/or describing 'actual reality' or as mutually inclusive in prescribing a duality in unity of sorts, yet allowing a sense of primary and secondary manifestation.

The science of physics then attempts to describe a dynamic universe of phenomena and content and a cosmology of interacting parameters mainly based on principles of energy and momentum coupled to conservation laws.

Albeit, all such studies of dynamics fail to address the origins of the systems themselves.

Where does the inherent rotation of universal systems derive from, be it the spin of a quantum state or the rotation of bodies in astronomy? And where do the laws of nature and the conservation principles derive from?

The language used to analyse and describe the physics of the matter is mathematics in theory and experimental analysis and observation in practice.

But this science is like a metaphorical 'Tree of Science'. A Seed of basics, say of integers, becomes a Root for a Stem from which Branches grow and Twigs and Flowers and Fruit.

So the Flowering of mathematics as the language of science has many avenues of expression anmd the physics of the stem and the roots and the origins of the single seed become quickly obscurated by the kaleidoscope of colour and specifications of the vocabularies used.

So can one describe the common seed of the physical reality without the flowering and fruit-bearing tree?

Could one trace the 'birth of the offspring' of DiabloS LogoS SpirituS and HarlotA PrincipiA PhysicA without Schroedinger's equation, Heisenberg matrices, Christoffel symbols, Lagrangians and Hamiltonian Operators.

And notwithstanding the relevance of coordinate systems and metrics to describe and predict the dynamics of bodies in space and in time; could one derive the beginnings of it all without even the stem of mathematics, say in only using the sprouting of the seed into its basic roots?

These marked essays then, shall attempt to show the way for the interested reader to gain a few insights as to the true nature of DiabloS LogoS SpirituS as the Father of all the sciences and wisdoms and his image HarlotA PrincipiA PhysicA.

Recent experimental discoveries and descriptions shall be utilized to show how the results extened and renew the Standard Models of Contemporary Physics and how this relates to the 'Roots of the Tree of Science'.

This line of approach should quieten the minds of skeptical enquirers, who denounce anything associated with a label of 'spirit', as the subject matter is well established and of published results of experimental measurement and henceforth physical reality.

This avenue of investigation and sharing, should also please the mathematically undereducated, as the semantics used to describe the phenomena is of the status of the undergraduate.

So to foreclose the answer to the question; the physical reality is the spiritual reality manifested.

Well, one might rename the adjective 'spiritual' by 'unified action' of Diablos Logos Spiritus according to the omniscience of Quantum Relativity and the 'Unified Action' coupling the DiabloS to the the HarlotA.

Postulate#1:

An arbitrary 'play of words' can form a mapping between such a unity, say in the statement:

A=1=1bin=J=10=2bin=S=19=B*=28=...defining a certain order say A before B and 1 before 2.

This kind of ordering can also describe a circular 'measure' independent of linear scale or space in the cyclicity of a linear sequence, as a number of ciphers mapped onto letters, say in the 26-tiered examples above.

Then the AAA precedes the SSS and the physical is primary to the spiritual in the linear unfoldment; but the physical becomes secondary to the spiritual in a triplicity where A=1 and J=1*and S=1**. Gnostically then, the Mother=1, the Son=2 and the Father=3 as the One.

This assembly of essays shall address the standard model of contemporary physics and how it has become renewed by recent high-tech experiments and by Quantum Relativity.

MarkI1: (with acknowledgement to Hossein Javadi of cph-group, who shared this on the forums):

Physicists Confirm Rare Particle Prediction, After 30 Years Of Study

ScienceDaily (Mar. 10, 2008) — High-energy physicists devoted to recreating the conditions at the beginning of the universe have for the first time observed a new way to produce those basic particles of atoms, protons and neutrons.

Confirming a decades-old prediction, the physicists with the CLEO collaboration say they observed a rare and extremely short-lived subatomic particle with the unusual name of “charmed-strange meson” decay into a proton and anti-neutron.
Detection of the event, which the collaboration made public March 9, was attributed to John Yelton, a physicist at the University of Florida, one of many institutions that are part of the CLEO collaboration.
“It’s the sort of thing that, for many years, people have known should happen,” Yelton said. “What we have done is show that it does, and how often.”
The Cornell Electron Storage Ring accelerator, or CESR, collides electrons with positrons at energies ranging from 3 to 5 billion electron volts — producing many short-lived, elementary and rare particles of interest to physicists. CLEO, the large experimental detector designed to detect the accelerator collisions, is a joint project of nearly two dozen institutions in the U.S., Canada and England.
Among the products of the CESR collisions are the charmed-strange mesons, which exist for less than one-trillionth of a second before decaying into other more stable particles. Although charmed mesons have been studied for 30 years, no one had ever observed one decaying into a proton or neutron, as theory had predicted. This is notable because about 10 percent of all the collisions in the accelerator produce protons and neutrons.
Yelton did not detect the anti-neutron directly but rather inferred its presence from data on energy and momentum of other particles.
All told, he found 13 instances of charmed-strange mesons decaying into protons and anti-neutrons, retrieving and identifying those events from data on millions and millions of different collisions and their aftermaths.
Yelton based his analysis on techniques developed at Syracuse University for the detection of two other types of rare subatomic particles, a muon and invisible neutrino.
“Professor Yelton did an extraordinary job of applying our techniques to a new area and extracted an excellent result in record time,” said Sheldon Stone, co-spokesman for CLEO and the physics professor at Syracuse who, with graduate student Nabil Meena, first developed the techniques. “This is what working together in an experiment is all about.”
David Asner, a physicist with Carleton University and CLEO’s other co-spokesperson, said the observation will contribute much to theoretical work on particle decay.
“Observation of these rare decays has the promise of increasing our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of how the world is put together,” he said.
When CLEO was first started in 1979, CESR was among the highest energy accelerators operating at the time. More recent accelerators, such as the Tevatron at Fermilab in Chicago and the soon-to-be-completed Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland, operate at far higher energies. Most public attention is focused on research in these colliders — research aimed at, among other things, observing the so-called “God” particle, the Higgs boson.
Yelton said the latest result shows there remains much to be learned from collisions at lower energy in lower energy colliders. “It highlights the fact that there is still physics to be done at lower energy accelerators,” he said.
The CLEO collaboration has also submitted a paper on the discovery to the journal Physics Review Letters.
The National Science Foundation funded the bulk of the CESR hardware and operations. The research is funded by the NSF, the U.S. Department of Energy, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and the U.K. Science and Technology Facilities Council.
Source
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/03/080310131525.htm

http://cph-theory.persiangig.com/english.htm

Sincerely

Hossein Javadi

Commentary for MarkI1 by Tony B. of Quantum Relativity:

This article addresses a quark-mesonic system called the charm-antistrange meson c.s(bar).

A proton has quark content u.u.d or up-up-down and a neutron has quark content u.d.d.
An antiproton is given as u(bar).u(bar).d(bar) and an antineutron as u(bar).d(bar).d(bar).
A strange quark has fractional charge -1/3 and is a excited or resonance eigenstate of the down-quark of the same charge content.

The problem with the 'old' standard model is or was that it considers the charmed quark c as a unitary quark, albeit as a higher energy state of the up-quark (of fractional charge +2/3).
The charmed quark is actually a quark-system of DoubleUp (or U) and up(bar); which in effect defines the 'resonance' energy state between up and charm.

So a charmed antistrange mesonic coupling engages the U-diquark of fractional charge (+4/3) coupled to the antistrange quark of +1/3 and mediated by an antiup quark of charge -2/3 for a manifested cs(bar) mesonic eigenstate of +1 charging.

But taking the diquark nature of the charmed quark into account, rather naturally crystallizes the most basic baryonic coupling between matter and antimatter, namely that between a proton and an antineutron. That is why this result has been known for so long, but was difficult to experimentally ascertain; with the energy coupling between U and u(bar) being hard to experimentally differentiate (Uu(bar)=c).

Rewrite cs(bar)=Uu(bar).s(bar)=Uu(bar).d*(bar).dd(bar).

s(bar)=d*(bar) defines the resonance bond of the weak interaction agent (W+) as antistrange quark. This is the maximum extent of the asymptotic nuclear confinement zone, also known as the classical electron radius of so 2.8 fermi (10^-15 m).

So iow, the weak nuclear interaction, signifying the decay of the cs(bar) in a strongweak interaction exchanging the W+ 'shrinks' the s(bar) along a magnetoaxis of the quantum geometry in the release of 'binding' ZPE, given as the dd(bar) or uu(bar) base mesonic (pion) energy template.

But the W+ does not materialise as a d*(bar), but as a reduced d(bar) and our denotation cs(bar)=uu.u(bar).d(bar).dd(bar)=uud+u(bar)d(bar)d(bar); ergo the observed and implied proton-antineutron coupling.

An important corollary is that of the antiquark system c(bar)s.

This system would result in a antiproton-neutron coupling and engage the W- weak interaction mediator.
And this relates of course to the fundamental nonparity of the weak interaction itself.

Only lefthanded matter particles couple to the W- and only righthanded antimatter particles couple to the W+. This is basic to the decay of the strange kaon systems ds(bar) and d(bar)s as the kaonic precursor to the mesons of charmed strangeness.

As the transformation s->d* defines matter's W- and s(bar)->d*(bar) gives antimatter's W+ with associated neutrino-antineutrino couplings; the dominance of matter over antimatter in cosmic occurrence crystallizes as the availability of the antineutrino-d* coupling in predominance over the neutrino-d*(bar) coupling from a Higgs-template precursor.

Quantum Relativity predicts, that the crystallisation of antiproton-neutron couplings should dominate the production of proton-antineutron couplings in conjunction with antineutrino-neutrino productivity in a ratio of so 500:1 and the ds(bar) d(bar)s strange kaon couplings.

Later essays shall readdress this topic under appropriate headings of experimental discoveries.

Tony B.

MarkI2:

Physicists Discover 'Triple-scoop' Baryon

ScienceDaily (Jun. 13, 2007) — Physicists of the DZero experiment at the Department of Energy's Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory have discovered a new heavy particle, the Ξ_b (pronounced "zigh sub b") baryon, with a mass of 5.774±0.019 GeV/c², approximately six times the proton mass. The newly discovered electrically charged Ξ_b baryon, also known as the "cascade b," is made of a down, a strange and a bottom quark. It is the first observed baryon formed of quarks from all three families of matter. Its discovery and the measurement of its mass provide new understanding of how the strong nuclear force acts upon the quarks, the basic building blocks of matter.

See also:

Matter & Energy

Reference

The DZero experiment has reported the discovery of the cascade b baryon in a paper submitted to Physical Review Letters on June 12.
"Knowing the mass of the cascade b baryon gives scientists information they need in order to develop accurate models of how individual quarks are bound together into larger particles such as protons and neutrons," said physicist Robin Staffin, Associate Director for High Energy Physics for the Department of Energy's Office of Science.
The cascade b is produced in high-energy proton-antiproton collisions at Fermilab's Tevatron. A baryon is a particle of matter made of three fundamental building blocks called quarks. The most familiar baryons are the proton and neutron of the atomic nucleus, consisting of up and down quarks. Although protons and neutrons make up the majority of known matter today, baryons composed of heavier quarks, including the cascade b, were abundant soon after the Big Bang at the beginning of the universe.
The Standard Model elegantly summarizes the basic building blocks of matter, which come in three distinct families of quarks and their sister particles, the leptons. The first family contains the up and down quarks. Heavier charm and strange quarks form the second family, while the top and bottom, the heaviest quarks, make the third. The strong force binds the quarks together into larger particles, including the cascade b baryon. The cascade b fills a missing slot in the Standard Model.
Prior to this discovery, only indirect evidence for the cascade b had been reported by experiments at the Large Electron-Positron collider at the CERN Laboratory near Geneva, Switzerland. For the first time, the DZero experiment has positively identified the cascade b baryon from its decay daughter particles in a remarkably complex feat of detection. Most of the particles produced in high-energy collisions are short-lived and decay almost instantaneously into lighter stable particles. Particle detectors such as DZero measure these stable decay products to discover the new particles produced in the collision.
Once produced, the cascade b travels several millimeters at nearly the speed of light before the action of the weak nuclear force causes it to disintegrate into two well-known particles called J/Ψ ("jay-sigh") and Ξ- ("zigh minus"). The J/Ψ then promptly decays into a pair of muons, common particles that are cousins of electrons. The Ξ- baryon, on the other hand, travels several centimeters before decaying into yet another unstable particle called a Λ ("lambda") baryon, along with another long-lived particle called a pion. The Λ baryon too can travel several centimeters before ultimately decaying to a proton and a pion. Sifting through data from trillions of collisions produced over the last five years to identify these final decay products, DZero physicists have detected 19 cascade b candidate events. The odds of the observed signal being due to something other than the cascade b are estimated to be one in 30 million.
Adapted from materials provided by DOE/Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory.

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DOE/Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (2007, June 13). Physicists Discover 'Triple-scoop' Baryon. ScienceDaily. Retrieved March 13, 2008, from http://www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2007/06/070613120947.htm

The Cascade-b particle (žb) is short-lived. Once produced, it travels only several millimeters before the action of the weak nuclear force causes it to disintegrate into two well-known particles called J/¨ and ž-. The J/¨ then promptly decays into a pair of muons, common particles that are cousins of electrons. The ž- baryon, on the other hand, travels several centimeters before decaying into yet another unstable particle called a › baryon, along with another long-lived particle called a pion. The › baryon too can travel several centimeters before ultimately decaying to a proton and a pion. (Credit: Image courtesy of DOE/Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory)

Commentary by Tony B. of Quantum Relativity:

The 'heavy' baryons are of course like resonance nucleons (protons and neutrons). The old standard model lists 6 flavours of quarks without explicit diquark structures, while the new standard model has diquarks and only two quarks in the basic up and the basic down.

We now extend markI in specifying the down-quark to contain the up-quark as a kernel-ring structure of quantum geometry ultimately defining the Higgsian template.

In particular, the down-quark of charge -1/3 consists of a unitary ringcharge of -1 to which is coupled the base kernel charge of the up-quark in +2/3. One can picture this as a circle or vortex around a 'central nullpoint', where this 'singularity' is however spacetime extended as a trisection of the enclosed area.

This is nought, but the electromagnetic energy of a pointcharge or pointmass, such as an electron.

The total enclosed area of the electron's position in spacetime so becomes a distribution of the fractional charges between the central 'point' and the circumference given by the strange-quark, aka the weakon limit aka the classical electron radius.

The down-quark then defines a mesonic ring charge of -1 as the spacetime 'size' for the electron and the strange quark gives the leptonic ring as outer boundary.

The article above describes a dbs baryon system of charge -1, which simplifies to d.ud.d* with the diquark ud coupled to an antiup in its basic eigenstate for the b.u(bar)=ud.u(bar) as a resonance down quark.

The most basic concentration of this ZPE or base-mesonic quark-antiquark pionic coupling energy is then:

dbs=d.ud.u(bar).d*=(u+mesonic ring).u(u+mesonic ring).u(bar).d*, the s=d*=(u+leptonic ring) then initiates the weak interaction, whilst the strong interaction engages the fractional inner mesonic charge distributions.

This strong (gluon-pion) interaction between 3 u's of charge +2, a u(bar) of charge -2/3 and the two mesonic rings of charge -2 so isolate a neutral particle (the blueprint for the lambda0), coupled to a leptonic ring of -1 with the antiup-quark of charge -2/3 (the template for the pion-).

And this is precisely what is experimentally observed (see diagram above). The strong interaction of 'trisectred' gluonic colourcharges is followed by the electromagnetic decay of the cc(bar) followed by the weak decay of the negatively charged Xi hyperon.

The high energy eigenstate of the cascase b-baryon derives from the charm-anticharm kernel coupling and a shortlived Xi- hyperon of quark content dss.

cc(bar)=J/Psi=Uu(bar).U(bar)u->u(uu(bar))u(bar)(u(bar)u)->u.ZPE.u(bar).ZPE=3{d*d*(bar)}.

Xi-=sds->d*ds->dd(bar)d.ds->uu(bar)d.ds->uds+u(bar)d=Lambda0+Pion-.

Tony B.

MarkI3:

Exotic Relatives Of Protons And Neutrons Discovered

ScienceDaily (Oct. 23, 2006) - Scientists of the CDF collaboration at the Department of Energy's Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory announced today (October 23, 2006) the discovery of two rare types of particles, exotic relatives of the much more common proton and neutron.

See also:

Matter & Energy

Reference

"These particles, named Sigma-sub-b [Σb], are like rare jewels that we mined out of our data," said Jacobo Konigsberg, University of Florida, a spokesperson for the CDF collaboration. "Piece by piece, we are developing a better picture of how matter is built out of quarks. We learn more about the subatomic forces that hold quarks together and tear them apart. Our discovery helps complete the 'periodic table of baryons.'"
Baryons (derived from the Greek word "barys", meaning "heavy") are particles that contain three quarks, the most fundamental building blocks of matter. The CDF collaboration discovered two types of Sigma-sub-b particles, each one about six times heavier than a proton.
There are six different types of quarks: up, down, strange, charm, bottom and top (u, d, s, c, b and t). The two types of baryons discovered by the CDF experiment are made of two up quarks and one bottom quark (u-u-b), and two down quarks and a bottom quark (d-d-b). For comparison, protons are u-u-d combinations, while neutrons are d-d-u. The new particles are extremely short-lived and decay within a tiny fraction of a second.
Utilizing Fermilab's Tevatron collider, the world's most powerful particle accelerator, physicists can recreate the conditions present in the early formation of the universe, reproducing the exotic matter that was abundant in the moments after the big bang. While the matter around us is comprised of only up and down quarks, exotic matter contains other quarks as well.
The Tevatron collider at Fermilab accelerates protons and antiprotons close to the speed of light and makes them collide. In the collisions, energy transforms into mass, according to Einstein's famous equation E=mc2. To beat the low odds of producing bottom quarks--which in turn transform into the Sigma-sub-b according to the laws of quantum physics--scientists take advantage of the billions of collisions produced by the Tevatron each second.
"It's amazing that scientists can build a particle accelerator that produces this many collisions, and equally amazing that the CDF collaboration was able to develop a particle detector that can measure them all," said CDF cospokesperson Rob Roser, of Fermilab. "We are confident that our data hold the secret to even more discoveries that we will find with time."
The CDF experiment identified 103 u-u-b particles, positively charged Sigma-sub-b particles (Σ+b), and 134 d-d-b particles, negatively charged Sigma-sub-b particles (Σ-b). In order to find this number of particles, scientists culled through more than 100 trillion high-energy proton-antiproton collisions produced by the Tevatron over the last five years.
In a scientific presentation on Friday, October 20, CDF physicist Petar Maksimovic, professor at Johns Hopkins University, presented the discovery to the particle physics community at Fermilab. He explained that the two types of Sigma-sub-b particles are produced in two different spin combinations, J=1/2 and J=3/2, representing a ground state and an excited state, as predicted by theory.
Quark theory predicts six different types of baryons with one bottom quark and spin J=3/2 (see graphic). The CDF experiment now accounts for two of these baryons.
CDF is an international experiment of 700 physicists from 61 institutions and 13 countries. It is supported by the Department of Energy, the National Science Foundation, and a number of international funding agencies. (The full list can be found at http://www-cdf.fnal.gov/collaboration/Funding_Agencies.html.) Using the Tevatron, the CDF and DZero collaborations at Fermilab discovered the top quark, the final and most massive quark, in 1995.
Fermilab is a national laboratory funded by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy, operated under contract by Universities Research Association, Inc.
Adapted from materials provided by Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory.

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Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (2006, October 23). Exotic Relatives Of Protons And Neutrons Discovered. ScienceDaily. Retrieved March 13, 2008, from http://www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2006/10/061023192702.htm

Six quarks -- up, down, strange, charm, bottom and top -- are the building blocks of matter. Protons and neutrons are made of up and down quarks, held together by the strong nuclear force. The CDF experiment has discovered exotic relatives of the proton and neutron, particles that include a bottom quark. (Image courtesy of DOE/Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory)

Commentary by Tony B. of Quantum Relativity:

The Standard Model (SM) above is simplified in introducing the diquark structure already mentioned in marksI1 and I2.

This by the way perfectly preserves the SU(2,3) Unitary Symmetries of the old SM. The thread above describes baryonic eigenstates where the ordinary down-quark is substituted by a resonance b-quark.

But we already know, that the old SM is now beginning to catch up with the new SM due to the greatly improved experimental techniques, which are now are producing the diquark couplings.

We know, that the b-quark is a diquark ud coupled to an antiup-quark and constituent from the Higgsian template.

Subsequently, the experimental discoveries of the uub and the ddb are simple expressions of the diquarkian nature of the physical reality for us.

In particular, we can use this model to predict the decay patterns of the heavy baryons.

The uub=uuud.u(bar)=uud+uu(bar) so decays in forming a quarkian ring disassociating the uu(bar) as basic pion ZPE coupled to a proton.

Similarly, the ddb=ddud.u(bar) must have the base decay product of a neutron udd coupled to the u(bar)d of a pion-.

Even the sigma labelling for this heavy baryons is appropriate, as the positively charged sigma uus represents the SU(3) member of a basic baryon octet, with the neutral sigma uss forming its 'neutron' hyperonisation.

The SU(3) relates 8 gluonic eigenstates as a single superimposed gluonic eigenstate of the Higgs trisection.

If we denote the quark-antiquark coupling as the base pionic ZPE (or VPE for Vortex-Potential-Energy); then we have 2x2=4 couplings of gluonic colourcharges in say colour and anticolour.

The colours are Red-Green-Blue with corresponding anticolours Cyan-Magenta-Yellow.

If now unitisation in energy is defined in 'colourcharge mixing', then either colour+anticolour or the combination of either triplicity will unify the colours as either in White Energy of Planck-Radiation E=hf or as Black Energy of Einstein-Mass E=mc^2.

The White Energy eigenstate then will be ascertained in a baryonic quark triplet WWW and the Black Eigenstate in triplet BBB with 6 intermediate hybrid energy eigenstates or gluoinic permutations WWB, WBW, BWW, BBW, BWB and WBB. There are thus 2x2x2=8 gluonic eigenstates.

SU(2) gives BB and WW and the hybrids BW and WB correspondingly.

When a massive eigenstate of baryonic BBB or mesonic BB is obtained, then the experimental measurement devices register a mass parameter and for WWW or WW a radiation mensuration, say light is registered.

The respective decay rates for the elementary interactions are subsequently described by the hybrid states.

Tony B.

MarkII1: A Seedling Cosmology in Quantum Relativity (QR)

(with acknowledgement to Hossein Javadi, who first posted this article on the forums)

Greedy Supermassive Black Holes Dislike Dark Matter

Written by Ian O'Neill

It is widely accepted that supermassive black holes (SMBHs) sit in the centre of elliptical galaxies or bulges of spiral galaxies. They suck in as much matter as possible, generating blasts of radiation. Stars, gas and everything else nearby forms a compact "halo" and then falls to a gravitationally enforced death spiral. The greedy nature and the sheer size of these black holes have led to the idea that dark matter may supply (or may have supplied) the SMBH with some mass during its evolution. But could it be that dark matter may not be significantly involved after all? This might be one cosmic phenomenon dark matter can't be blamed for…

Black hole accretion disks are compact halos created as dust, gas and other debris are pulled toward a black hole event horizon. Accretion disks radiate electromagnetic radiation, and the frequency of which depends on the mass of the black hole. The more massive it is, the higher the energy of radiation emitted into space. In the case of a SMBH, the huge mass causes very bright emission as the matter from the accretion disk falls into the event horizon (the point at which gravity becomes so strong that even light cannot escape). As accretion disk matter falls toward the event horizon, approximately 10% of the mass is converted into energy and ejected as X-rays. This is a far more efficient energy conversion rate than the most efficient nuclear fusion reaction (approximately 0.5%). This X-ray emission can then be observed, creating a quasar, signifying a SMBH is driving the active galaxy.

Interestingly, an SMBH is not thought to be formed from single dead massive star. They are thought to have been created from a "seed" and then grown over billions of years. The source of the mass feeding the growing SMBH comes from its accretion disk, but it is uncertain what form the matter comes in and at what rate it "feeds" the black hole. There are several possibilities as to how the largest black holes were seeded, but two are the most widely accepted:

Intermediate black holes (with masses of several thousand Suns) are created by vast clouds which collapse to a single point. Black holes form and accretion disks grow.
Massive primordial stars (the first stars, formed only 200 million years after the Big Bang) of a few hundred Sun masses may have collapsed to create smaller black holes, again forming accretion disks and growing over billions of years.
The mechanisms affecting the rate of accretion disk growth are not so clear-cut. Some theories suggest that huge quantities (most of the black hole mass) comes from dark matter. However, as dark matter is "non-baryonic" (i.e. the opposite to baryonic matter - the matter we know, love and observe in our universe) it will emit very little radiation as it falls into the black hole event horizon. If this is the case, SMBHs would grow disproportionately when compared with radiation emitted from galactic centres (only baryonic particles will emit X-rays).
New research headed by Sebastien Peirani (at the Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, France) suggests only a very small fraction of a SMBH is composed from dark matter as it evolved. Dark matter is predicted to be collisionless and will be scattered very easily by baryonic gas clouds and stars. It seems unlikely that dark matter will be able to stay inside the black hole's accretion disk for very long before it is repelled by all the "normal" matter being pulled toward the event horizon.
Source
http://www.universetoday.com/2008/03/08/greedy-supermassive-black-holes-dislike-dark-matter/

More articles

http://cph-theory.persiangig.com/english.htm

Sincerely

Hossein Javadi

Commentary by Tony B. of Quantum Relativity

The article above has identified the cosmology of QR in a number of statements. For one the so called 'dark matter' or 'missing mass' is realised to not be baryonic and secondly the seeding mechanism for the mass distribution in the very early universe is thought to stem from primordial protostars.

The universe according to QR, was indeed seeded by such protostars, which are described as ylemic neutron stars as a function of temperature, independent on mass, but allowing the introduction of inertial parameters for the masses of Black Holes as basic solutions for the spacetime curvature in the Schwarzschild metric of General Relativity.

The dilemma of the 'dark matter' and the 'dark energy' become extensions of the Standard Models (SMs) of both the standard Big Bang cosmology and the particle physics (see markI essays) in Quantum Relativity.

It is found, that the 'dark matter' is no 'new inertia carrying particle' of the old SM, but a consequence of the initial equilibrium equations for the Big bang cosmogony. This also describes the 'dark energy' as being necessitated by such boundary conditions.

In particular, the equivalence principle in General Relativity (GR) defines the 'missing mass' as gravitational mass, equivalent to a nonmaterialised inertial mass.

But we begin in describing the seeding of the universe as a Planck-Black Body Radiator and in very good agreement with the standard Big Bang Cosmology.

This universe is mass-parametric, meaning it follows the thermodynamic expansion of a cosmology, which will attain a cooling Black Body Radiation Background of absolute Zero kelvin after an evolution in infinite linear time.

This universe began at 0 entropy or 'absolute order' and increases its 'disorder' asymptotically in its expansion towards higher entropy and a cooling off.

Now the initial- and boundary conditions for this 'total order' are of course related mathematically to the ideas of infinity and a null-state, which become physical approximations via the aforesaid asymptotic expansion.

The boundary conditions are however applied to ensure a perfect equilibrium throughout this massparametric evolution and a consequence of those is that the 'missing mass' amnd the 'missing energy' are not really missing, but are under a process of self transformation of related parameters.

So one can invoke the existence of a baryonic mass seedling which depicts a Daughter-Black Hole or DBH and which functions under the auspices of a Mother-Black Hole or MBH, which adds the 'missing mass' to the DBHs in summation.

This state of affairs results in an isotropic cosmology, which defines the DBHs as galactic seeds, say and which so form an isotropic and homogeneous background under what is known as the cosmological principle.

The MBH precedes the DBHs in a process termed the inflationary de Broglie phase of the universe. In QR, this becomes a string epoch, lasting just 3.33x10^-31 seconds into the cosmogony and ending in the thermodynamic universe under the postulates and premises of General Relativity (GR), where a large scale classical spacetime geometry supplements the quantum geometry of the string epoch.

So there is then a difference between these epochs. The string epoch is scale restricted to a displacement from the mathematical null state of the 'singularity' to the well known Planck Scale.

The difference between the string physics of the status quop and the string physics utilised by QR is however that the string scale itself undergoes transformation from the
Planck-String (of open/closed dual classI) to a Weyl-String (of heterotic closed class 8x8); the latter defining the onset of the thermodynamic universe of GR and the end of the string epoch as mentioned above.

The null state of the mathematical singularity so becomes approximated in the 'absolute order' of a nonphysical entity, which then defines boundary conditions to 'seed' the nonexistent physical universe to be born in the 'Big Bang' and with it birthing the parameters of any metric spacetime following the de Broglie inflation.

Iow, this 'time instant' inflates the Weyl-Seed of a transformed Planck-length into a precise event horizon of a MBH.

This MBH has 'more mass' than the collection of all the DBHs contained within it and 'yet to be born' via the primordial neutron stars.

Furthermore, this MBH's mass is gravitational and not yet inertial. It is defined in precise metrics of GR as the critical density for the universe to render the cosmos Euclidean flat and of 0 curvature. It represents the initial and final condition for the entire thermodynamic and entropic evolution of the mass parametric universe.

And most importantly, the topology for this MBH as a boundary BH (termed extremal) allows its superposed evolution as a 'Strominger Brane', meaning that it can theoretically shrink from its maximum mass (defining the Hubble Horizon as its curvature radius in the Schwarzschild solution) to the masslessness of the noninertial elementary particle, say a Weyl-String-Boson.

The MBH does not 'shrink' as the event horizon of the total mass of the unuiverse of course. What 'shrinks' is a scalefactor defining the curvature or size of a cosmological BH, metrically defined.

This for example avoids any so termed 'heat death' for the universe, inferred by the cooling off of the Black Body Background accompanied by an infinite expansion in spacetime.

The MBH forms a higher dimensional string boundary by one to the contained universe.

The physical universe thus can be modelled on a 3D volume forming a 3D surface for a 4D hypersphere or as a 10D entity mirrored by a 11D mirror dimension, which allows refraction into a 12D superuniverse and reflection in a form of cyclicity into the 10D massparametric one (defined by c-invariance).

One important parameter for the MBH is its baryon to total density ratio, which QR calculates as 0.014015. This is the well known deceleration parameter in GR cosmology and represents half the baryonic density, thus defining the 'baryonic mass seedling' as 2.8% at the timeinstanton of the Big Bang, and following the string epoch.

Those 2.8% then become scaled by the 'almost instantaneous' - and taking 3.33x10^-31 seconds -manifestation of the universe's 11-dimensional 'envelope'.

This means, that the expanding 10-dimensional universe (beginning at lightspeed c, but slowing down due to the gravity effect exerted by the MBH) would transform its enormous thermokinetic heat-energy in a scaled density distribution, accomodating the ylemic neutron stars as 'Vortex Potentials', closely linked to the postulated ZPE of the standard models (see markI essays).

These become the primordial protostars of the article above and whose physics might be detailed in a later essay, should a pertinent discovery be made public by the contemporary publishers of scientific discoveries.

But the scenario is like this. As the universe expands in time, it grows in volume, say as 3-dimensional toroidal volume, being however the 3D-surface of a hpersphere to allow the dimensional intersection between the mass parametric universe and its lightspeed oscillating 4D mirror, both reflecting in cyclicity and refracting into a 5th or 12th dimension.

The expansion obeys the laws of physics, of thermodynamics and the conservation laws. So as the ylemic potentials are independent of mass as a function of the quantum eigenstates and of the thermokinetic temperature; the galactic seeds are formed as the DBHs and the ylemic neutron stars. The latter are not stars or neutron stars as found today. They are pure ylems, meaning they are gravitational mass objects, which would become inertialised, once their defining parameters of the Schwarzschild 'curvature radius' coupled to the 'ylemic radius' could be accomodated in the equations of state for the overall thermodynamic evolution of the universe.

Then the equivalence principle between gravitational and inertial mass would apply for any system of manifested mass, such as an observed neutron star and the ordinary BH physics related to the collapse of multgeneration stars under theeir equations of stgate, balancing gravitational inward pressure with thermodynamic outward radiation pressure.

So then the BHs generally eschew 'dark matter', for the reason, that the 'dark matter' is not only nonbaryonic it is massless in toto.

It represents an energy differential between the MBH and the DBHs as say galactic seeds to ensure the flatness of the cosmos in a higher dimensional closure, which yet allows an open universe of negative- or hyperbolic curvature in the dimensionality reduced by 1.

As the universe expands in this lower D-sense, it occupies more and more of the higher-D space created by the inflation of the MBH at timeinstantenuity.

The expansion of the lower D-cosmos is asymptotic, meaning that it will cool down to absolute 0 in infinite linear time after which the size of the lower D-universe will reach its boundary of the 11D MBH.

This also forms a first principle of identity. A second principle of expansion (there are actually 10 principles) applies to the refraction of the electromagnetic parameters (known as the c-invariance of lightspeed) into a dimensionality higher by 2.

This indicates a growing of the seedling MBH itself into yet 'new higher D-spacetimes and supplemantary to the 'contained' cosmic evolution of a say baryon-seeded open universe.

So what then is the 'dark matter' if it is massless and nonbaryonic?

It could be described as 'evolution energy', the diminishing of the MBH to DBHs energy differential and so a evolution of mass itself.

It relates to the quantum eigenstates of the string epoch in particular proportionalities; the major one being the observed fact for the SMBHs to harbour a BH seedling statistically always 0.002% of the total mass (of the bulge in spiral galaxies and the surrounding mass in elliptical galaxies say).

Now consider a simple allegory. A millimeter seedling for a tree can reach an approximate height of say 50 meters for a fully grown tree. So the scalefactor between seed and final product is 1 to 50,000 or 0.002% to 100%.

So it is with the galactic seeds. There exist a dominant string parameter as a transformed Planck Energy which also defines the unification of the gravitational and electromagnetic finestructures.

This relates the Coulombic forcelaw (F=keE/r^2) between point charges to the Newtonian forcelaw (F=GmM/r^2) between pointmasses as inverse square central interactions in their proportionality constants.

In particular the equivalence principle assigns the identity Gk=1 to the string epoch and which for consistency in dimensional analysis requires a certian unification between units defining Coulombic charges and Newtonian masses.

Now, the well known Planck-Mass is rendered metric in the Planck-Length via those finestructures and the minimum mass for a cosmological BH becomes the Planck-mass of so 1.6x10^-8 kg and with curvature radius the Planck-Length of so 2x10^-35 meters.

Micro BH's so do not exist in the Big Bang Cosmogony and the elementary particles cannot be modelled as as such micro BH's due to their passing the Planck-Length boundary.

Furthermore, the Planck-String is transformed into the Weyl-String with a Planck-Length magnified to 10^-22 meters which then defines the minimum BH macromass as so 6,500 kg.

But the Weyl-Limit of 10^-22 meters also defines the dominant string parameter as a string-bosonic eigenenergy of 0.002 Joules, which reflects the BH-bulge ratio for the galactic seed amongst many other relationships.

The most important of those is the necessity for the unification of the finestructures, which requires the inverse of this parameter to define a physical quantity related to the overall cosmological evolution.

And it is this, which allows us to postulate the nature of the 'dark matter' and the 'missing energy'.

As the universe expands, it fills more higher dimensional volume. One can term this increase in volume as 'new spacetime awareness', as suddenly the expanding spacetime seedling has more structure it can occupy.

Now the inversed dominant string-parameter must have units of VolumexAngular Acceleration or Volumex(df/dt) or Volume times the timedifferential of frequency.

As angular acceleration is independent on radial displacement as the time differential for angular velocity; one can define a new physical string-unit called the StarCoulomb, which has the units of the inversed string-parameter.

The StarCoulomb is a string unit of the preBig Bang epoch, but manifests physically in the expansion of the universe under a form of 'consciousness' given as string-volumes acted upon by the 'awareness' df.dt, i.e the timedifferential of frequency as energy proportionality to the Planck-Action (h=mc^2/f).

There are many details, which might become expanded upon in essays, following pertinent discoveries and publications from the contemporary scientific channels.

But one can now, using these ideas, postulate that spacetime consists of quantised building blocks, each the scale and parameters of a transformed Planck-String and as the Weyl-Boson, say.

Then the missing mass cosmology could define a new elementary particle as just such a unity based upon the spacetime quantum and the definition of the StarCoulomb as a characteristic mathematical representation for it.

In QR, this representation is e*=2Re.c^2=(Electron Diameter)x(lightspeed)^2.

We recall from the markI essays, that the classical electron radius (Re) plays a crucial role in defining the Standard Model of particle physics, say in the asymptotic confinement of the nuclear interactions and the scale of the weakon gauge in the down-strange-quark oscillations.

Here then we discover the deeper fundamental significance for this natural limit for the nuclear interaction scale.

The Higgs template also defines a particular left-polarised string-boson, which we label as RMP or RestMassPhoton to negate the righthanded W- for weakly interacting matter in a matter dominated cosmology.

An antimatter dominated universe would engage an AntiHiggs blueprint for a righthanded RMP to negate a lefthanded W+.

The RMP is massless and of spin -1 and unifies the nuclear interactions (in CPH symmetry).

The RMP is a hybrid string eigenstate using the fermionic (halfspin) matter templates (given as the Yellow-Cyan-Magenta colourcharges , see markI essays) as a bosonic double state (integral spin).

One can so say that radiation and matter couple on a most elementary level via the RMP on the quantum scale, which manifests physically however in the idea of spacetime awareness and the occupancy of space made up of spacetimequanta.

Space itself is 'conscious' meaning 'StarCoulombed' as a function of the expanding universe and the creation or 'rediscovery of spacetime by the DBH's of a previously 'traced out' spacetime by the MBH during the inflationary string epoch.

And so we can define the 'missing energy' as 'consciousness' of the galactic seedlings themselves.

There is more to this scenario, as the evolution energy infers a mass evolution and so a change in the Newtonian forcelaws from before.

The mass evolution keeps the product GmM constant for all times, but assigns a maximum G to the finestructures and any macro BH physics as consequence of the equivalence principle.

As Gk=1 and k is constant as electric permittivity via the Maxwell constant defining 1/c^2, this constant 'Go' is so 61% greater than the 'diminishing' G measured in the laboratories as a substructure applied to subgalactic systems and the nonBH physics.

QR calculates a diminishing of G of the order of about 3x10^-11 G-units per year.

A 'looking back' in time and so into 'outer space' so naturally infers ever greater values for G up to its maximum of Go at the timeinstanton.

This then shall conclude markII1 of the cosmology according to QR.

Tony B.