The Holographic Bound for the Universe as Information Processor
and the Creation of discretisised SpaceTime
How big is the universe and could it be growing in size?
Has the universe always existed and will it ever end or was it created and
is eternal?
These are questions even little children ask their parents and their teachers.
Cosmologist throughout the history of human endeavour and science have pondered
those
questions and sought to derive answers.
1. Preliminaries and Introduction
2. Demetrication of General Relativity and the Deceleration Parameter
3. The Holographic Principle and the 3D-Universe as a Hologram of 4D-SpaceTime
4. Thermodynamic Entropy and Shannon Information
5. The Universal Entropy Bound (UEB) and the Holographic Entropy Bound (HB)
6. The Cosmos as Information Processor and the FRW-Universe
7. The Nodal Hubble-Constant in GR relates the entropic spacetime quanta counters
in QR
8. SpaceTime Creation and a Definition for the Fundamental Demetricated Scalefactor
in QR
1. Preliminaries and Introduction
The last 20 years of modern science and its discoveries by experiment and
observation have
now allowed a well informed convergence of data and fact to answer the perennial
questions
harboured in the human minds of the enquirers.
This treatise then will answer those questions in a synthesis of the accumulated
data base
collected by the endeavours of science.
I shall make a special reference to a popular paper published by Scientific
American to set the
background for the 'new' scientific concepts, with whom most readers will
be unfamiliar in
terminology, yet about which they have heard of in peripheral contexts.
The paper is by Jacob. D. Bekenstein; Scientific American; August 2003, pages
48-55 and
entitled: "Information in the Holographic Universe".
Those peripheral contexts engage the idea of higher superbrane dimensions,
modular duality
and the universe as a collector and processor of information, somewhat akin
to mass/energy
as the hardware and the information linked and derived from that processed
by the programmed
software as a cosmic intelligence or consciousness.
But can the universe be modelled on a computerised system?
QR has shown, that the so called fundamental constants of nature are algorithmically
determinable.
So the natural laws are ultimately set in a computational mode, based on simple
geometrical laws
and relationships.
Those 'geometric' laws are themselves derived from abstract encodings of the
intrinsic algorithmic
symmetries or EigenStates and particularly a pentagonal supersymmetry or number
patterns is
directly obtained from the computational mode as number series and pattern.
This mode we call the Binary Dyad [0,1], representing for example the Inflow-Outflow
VPE (for
Vortex-Potential-Energy) for something we shall determine to be discrete spacetime
quanta.
The physical manifesto for this Binary Dyad or BIT is the concept of a 10-dimensional
superstring,
which begins as a closed or angular Eigenstate of '0' and then opens or linearises
itself as the
Eigenstate of '1', before recircularising back to the '0' SelfState.
This superstring with open and closed Eigenstates is called the Planck-Boson
of superstring class I
in a family of five suprstrings of classes (I, IIA, IIB, HO(32) and HE(8x8)).
If one then allows certain primary algorithms to operate as the 'cosmic intelligence'
or software on
the POTENTIAL Mass/Energy DEFINED by those algorithms or programs, then the
hardware of the POTENTIAL becomes REALISED or manifested as the observable and measurable universe.
And this manifestation must necessarily follow the simplest and minimum 'energy
definition' of that
of the Planck-Boson by the considerations of the above.
Subsequently, the universe's hardware consists of a continual transformation
of Eigenstates defined mathematically by the parameters of primordial subtimespace algorithms manifested as the Planck-
Boson in a continuous process of transforming itself across dimensions and
particular selfstates
known as elementary particles or wavelets.
The trouble with this idea is that the subtimespace must by necessity be UNDEFINED
in the parameters of space and time and yet DEFINED in the 'algorithmic timespace'.
This however greatly simplifies the mathematics for the superstring classes,
which must incorporate a 12-dimensional continuum of 10 spacial dimensions and 2 time dimensions for its
inner mathematical necessity, sufficiency and selfconsistency.
We shall reencounter those 'higher dimensions' in the discussion about the
consequences of the
Holographic Boundary Conditions but note here, that the present state of physics
attempts to unify Quantum Theories applicable to the micro-Eigenstates with the macro-Eigenstates of classical physics as
culminated in the theories of the relativities, the latter which could be considered differential-geometric.
What links those two realms of the micro/smallest with the macro/largest is
however the Principle of Holography.
A Hologram of a mirror, say, represents a repository of information about
this 'mirror' in terms of interference patterns (which is information derived from mass/energy interaction).
Now partitioning the 'mirror' (say shattering it into shards), would duplicate
the entire information contained in the 'unbroken mirror' in every shard (with diminished intensity or luminosity, say).
So we consider the entire universe as the 'unbroken mirror' and partition
it into the 'shards of spacetime quanta' - the universe thus consists of discrete spacetime-units as holographic projections
of the universal hologram, each such projection being a deluminated image of the universe as a Hologram of One.
This Hologram of One is however DEFINED in the BIT of the Binary Dyad [0,1],
leading us back to the supermembranes of MODULAR DUALITY.
In particular this Modular Duality engages the BIT in allowing a Twosided
Surface to become Onesided.
This concept is well understood in the Moebius-Strip, where a rubber or ribbon,
which has two distinct sides as the inner and the outer is reconnected in twisting one end through 180 degrees
before reconnecting, to create a Onesided Surface which has become doubled.
The extension for the Moebius-Strip is the Klein-Bottle, which derived from
the Torus or Doughnut shape, enfolds space in such a way, that the 'bottle's surface' appears to be the
'bottle's volume'.
QR calls this topology of shape the differential geometry of the Moebius-Serpent
transforming into the Klein-Bottle-Dragon via Moebius-Francom-Adjacency.
Those preliminaries now allow us to apply the Holographic Principle to the
microstates of the superbranes as images for the macrostates of the universe.
We first have to 'eliminate' the spacetime 'metrics' of the macrostates and
as given in GR in a process of demetrication.
This then renders the universe as a scalerelative universe, ultimately defined
in parameters known as de Broglie phases.
2. Demetrication of General Relativity and the Deceleration Parameter
The demetrication of Einstein's Field equations in General Relativity (GR)
leads directly to the
deceleration parameter qo in Standard Cosmology.
The details form part of the Theory of Quantum Relativity, which is discussed
in particulars
in the forums and is available in file sections and the author's website
http://groups.msn.com/quantumrelativity.
The formulation is: qo=(Gravitational Omega W)/2=Mo/2Mcritical =>GoMo/lps^2
, [Eq.#1]
where Mo is a Baryonic Restmass/Inertial Mass-Seedling and Mcritical is the
precise
masscontent of the universe required for perfect Euclidean flatness of zero
curvature.
Go can be considered the Gravitational Constant applicable in an universe
devoid of
any mass, where the gravitational constant would be identical to the inverse
of the
Coulomb permittivity constant in free space as Go=4peo, (the derivation engages
the fine-
structures for the electromagnetic and gravitational interactions in the subtimespace
epoch
of the superbranes before the time-instanton and the Weyl-Geodesic definitions.
In that epoch the Planck-Scale of unitisation transforms in dimensionless
'wormhole'
parameters via superstring classes from the Planck-Scale-Oscillation to the
Weyl-Geodesic).
The Weyl-Geodesic then becomes the quantum-smeared out spacetime-quantum,
also termed Wolford-Centre in QR's terminology.
The Wolford-Centre then defines the parameters for the classical quantum epoch
given in terms of energy, mass and electropolic Coulomb charges and manifesting the GR fields; as EMERGING from the nonclassical
and de Broglie phased Whitescarver-State-Space of the superbrane epoch characterised in the subtimespaces of magnetocharges
as inverse energy quanta for the Planck-Bosonic transformations.
The wavelength lps is the source-wavelength for the heterotic supermembrane
HE(8x8),
which in modular duality with its sink-wavelength lss represents the Weyl-Geodesic
for the
critical scale of the cosmogenesis where GR must be extended in Quantum Relativity
(QR).
The source-wavelength could be called the perimeter for the wormhole satisfying
the
Penrosian Weyl-Nullification hypothesis at the cosmic origin for the time
instantanton,
(where the tidal force of the Riemann Tensor must vanish in a dewarping of
all spacetimes
defined by GR) .
The above [Eq.#1] leads directly to the inflaton of de Broglie in considering
the Radius of
maximum Curvature (Rmax) in GR to become the Schwarzschild Solution of the
GR field
equations for the source-wavelenght lps as the vibratory part of the supermembrane
EpsEss
(or HE(8x8)) and as applied to the gravitational Omega as the ratio between
the baryonic and
the critical inertial mass definitions.
For then Rmax=2GoMo/c^2 => Rmax.fps^2 as the de Broglie PhaseAcceleration
for the Identity of c-invariance {c=lps.fps=Rmax.Ho with Ho the nodal Hubble Constant specifying the selfsame de Broglie
inflaton}.
The above formulations show that the microstate of supermembrane EpsEss can
be considered the
minimum Eigenstate for the Quantum Universe.
In particular the Volume of a SpaceTimeQuantum is 2p^2rps^3, where rps=lps/2p
as the
wormhole radius of the Weyl-Geodesic of GR.
But the universal volume now is simply a quantum summation of this and of
the form 2p^2Rmax^3.
QR calculates the numbercount of spacetimequanta for this universe (as 10D
limit for Rmax) as an
algorithmic googolplex of just over 10^147 and, as we shall see, just the
Holographic Entropy Bound predicted by Bekenstein.
3. The Holographic Principle and the 3D-Universe as a Hologram of 4D-SpaceTime
We now peruse Bekenstein's paper referenced before and extend its consequences
by the principles
of Quantum Relativity.
John Archibald Wheeler (Princeton University) is quoted as being one of the
first physicists to
consider the universe as being based upon a physics of information as primary
effect and
emerging energy and mass as a secondary consequence.
Information supplied to physical ingredients like a robot, allow the mechanical
instrument to
dynamically interact with its environment.
A ribosome in a 'living or biovital' cell is supplied amino acids to build
body structures, but
without DNA instruction is unable to perform its programmed function.
What is the ultimate information capacity of a device defined in 'size' and
'mass'?
How much information can be stored on the universal computer chip, encoding
the description for
the entire universe?
The Principle of Holography allows us to encode 3-dimensional information
as a 2-dimensional
Hologram and as the interference pattern of a two-directional 'laserlight'.
One part of the laserbeam splits at a say semitransparent mirror to travel
directly to a recording
device (photographic plate), whilst the other part of the lightbeam reflects
of the object to be
recorded before forming an interference pattern at the recorder, thus creating
the hologram of the
3D object as a 2D representation.
Reexposure or illumination of the hologram to the same laserlight then reproduces
the 3D image
from the 2D record as a Holograph.
John Wheeler's words are poetisized by William Blake who penned the idea that
one can 'see the
world in a grain of sand'.
So this is certainly true in holography, where the 3D grain of sand becomes
a 2D hologram of it.
Applied to the 'volume' of the universe as the object to be recorded; its
hologram would necessarily
be a mapping onto a 'surface' as a dimensionality reduced by one.
Thus a 4D-universe, defined in Minkowski-Einstein spacetime and the toroidal
volume specified
before; would become equivalent to a 3D-Surface mapping as a hologram of this
4D-spacetime.
Standard Cosmology describes our 3D-perceived universe as just such a 3-dimensional
surface
and calls it Riemann's Hypersphere of 4D-spacetime.
Here we extend the Standard Cosmology however in proposing that this hypersphere
represents
a 'twisted' 3D Klein-Bottle-Dragon as the extension of the 3-Torus.
Then the twosided Moebius connection as a doubled onesided manifold is dimensionally
extended
as an enclosed volume 'within' becoming holographically 'added to' the potentially
infinite volume
'without'.
As a simple example consider the volume 'within' the planet Earth 'added to'
the volume 'without'.
Here the total set of volume consists of the complements 'within' and 'without'.
But the interior of the Earth is well defined and finite as the volume of
Earth; whilst the exterior
volume dependes on the curvature of space.
If the curvature is ellipsoidal or closed or positive, then a lightbeam sent
anywhere into the
nightsky from your forehead, will eventually, after travelling around the
perimeter of the universe
return to hit the back of your head. The universe is then spacially finite.
If the curvature is hyperbolic or open or negative, then the lightbeam will
not return but diverge
eternally. The universe is then spacially infinite.
If the curvature is zero or flat, then the lightbeam will return but take
an infinite amount of time
to do so in an asymptotic process.
The experimental data (COBE, BOOMERANG, WMAP) clearly indicates a flat universe,
also
predicted by the Inflation models, instigated by Alan Guth (MIT) in the 1980's.
QR then has found that all three cases of curvatures apply simultaneously.
The 10D universe is hyperbolic and the 11D universe is ellipsoidal and superimposed
they create
the measured flatness of zero curvature.
The 10D universe is but the holographic mapping of the 11D universe and therefore
contained
within it as a higher dimensional cross-section.
Because the 'inside' of the 10D universe is Klein-Bottled as the 'outside',
the 11D universe connects
the 10D to its own REALITY IMAGE in the 12th dimension as the mapping of the
Doubled Onesided
Surface Mirror of 11D.
Because of the complementarity of the universal sets, the 'inside volume'
is 'added to' the 'total volume'
through a cyclicity of the 11D-Witten-Mirror DEFINING the asymptotic flatness
of Euclidean Zero-Curvature of flatness and as the observed and measured 4D-spacetime.
This realisation has important cosmological consequences.
The universe is POTENTIALLY INFINITE in 11 dimensions, thus allowing a continuous
creation
of spacetime in the form of spacetime quanta as the discrete building blocks
for a 10-11-12 D
spacetime triad in what is called OmniSpace in QR.
What are those dimensions and how are they connected?
The extended hypersphere definition allows us to reach the same conclusion
as that given by the
standard description of 11-dimensional M-Theory describing the supermembranes
with a potential twosidedness of the temporal time-dimension.
In M-Theory (Witten's M=Mother=Matrix=Magic=Mystery); 9 spacial dimensions
are extended to 10 spacial dimensions in allowing the 1D-superstring to manifest as a 2D-supermembrane.
In F-Theory (Vafa's F=Father); 1 timedimension becomes two-arrowed in the
entropy reversal of the
11th dimension in mirror symmetry.
This is just what we have described with QR's Omnispace dimensions, describing
the
Klein-Bottle-Dragon, which forms the shape or morphology of the observed universe,
residing
within and without higher dimensional embedded and encompassing higher dimensional
space.
Using the 12D-Vafa-Space, we reduce the 12D-continuum to the familiar 3D-continuum
under
agency of dimensional algorithmic rootreduction and the demetrication of Riemann's
higher
dimensions, say as applied to GR.
QR recreates the Algorithmic NullState of the 0-Dimension as the CONNECTOR
DIMENSION
between the 1st and the 12th dimension and defines the following.
LineSpace 1-2-3 as the Linearisation or UNFOLDING of the Circular Continuum
of the NullState.
HyperSpace 4-5-6 as the Recircularisation or ENFOLDING of the Linear Continuum
of LineSpace.
HyperSpace thus manifests as the ROTATIONAL properties of LineSpace.
QuantumSpace 7-8-9 as the Relinearisation or UNFOLDING of HyperSpace of a
combined Linear
and Rotational dynamics.
QuantumSpace thus manifests as the VIBRATIONAL or oscillatory properties of
LineSpace.
OmniSpace 10-11-12 as the Recircularisation or ENFOLDING of QuantumSpace as
the combined
dynamics of Linearity, Rotation and Vibration.
OmniSpace thus manifests as the LineSpace in all of the observed and measured
properties of its
physical constituents (which are the Planck-Boson transformations).
Quantum Relativity Conclusion!
The 'higher dimensions' are CONGRUENT with and AS the LineSpace dimensions.
The Time-Dimension is the Quality of the Linearisation of the Circularity
and exists basically as
the PRECURSOR for the Space-Dimensions in allowing space to emerge from its
own
dimensionless status as CYCLETIME n.
This is defined as dimensionless Tau-Time in GR's Curvature Radius Rc=c.dt/dt,
as the LightPath.
In the circular OmniSpace dimensional continuum, Time does not exist (and
neither space by implication).
1-2-3-(4)-5-6-(7)-8-9-(10)-11-12-(13=1=0) circularises the fourfolded OmniSpace
continuum, rendering
dimensionalities 1-4-7-10 as the TIME-CONNECTOR dimensions 'shared' between
the individuated
continuae (Line, Hyper, Quantum, Omni) as the NullStates.
The NullState then BECOMES DEFINED in the properties of the Weyl-Geodesic,
the Time-
Instanton and the De Broglie Space-Inflaton in QR's cosmogenesis in the EpsEss
heterotic
supermembrane parameters.
And those definitions then MUST specify the limits for all and mensuration
techniques
applied by the 'hardware' to measure and observe itself and as programmed
by the 'software'.
The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle MUST hence be finestructured in the wormhole
parameters
and this is precisely the case in the QR formulations.
Heisenberg's Constant: h/4p=lps/[8pRe.c^3], with Re=10^10.lps/360 as the superbrane
form for
the classical Electron Radius (Re=RCompton.Alpha).
Alpha is the electromagnetic Finestructure Constant and measures the interaction
probability between matter and light,
as say in the photoelectric effect and the Compton Radius is the de Broglie
Matter wavelength proportional to it as
harmonisation between the nuclear and the atomic realms directly derived from
the quantisation of the Electron Radius
in terms of the wormhole or superbrane wavelength lps.
So we can consider OmniSpace to BE LineSpace with the 'higher dimensions'
CONIFOLDED
either in 6-dimensional Calabi-Yau manifolds or as 7-dimensional Joycian surfaces.
OmniSpace is 10-11-12, which rootreduces to 1-2-3 in 1+0=1 and 1+1=2 and 1+2=3;
which is the
algorithmic foundation of the BIT of the Binary Dyad [0,1] as described.
OmniSpace then considers dimensionalities 1=4=7=10 as the LineSpace Cardinality;
dimensionalities
2=5=8=11 as the AreaSpace Cardinalities and dimensionalities 3=6=9=12 as the
VolumeSpace
Cardinalities.
Two universes in Bekenstein's paper and reflecting the work of other prominent
researchers into the holographic identity of the universe such as Leonard Susskind (Stanford University) can so have a
different dimensionality (differing by one) and obeying potentially different
physical laws; yet are
rendered completely equivalent by the Holographic Principle.
The 5D de Sitter spacetime is empty and so highly symmetrical and expands
at an accelerating rate
with a repulsing 'cosmological constant'.
The anti-de Sitter 5D spacetime then is empty, highly symmetrical and decelerates
in an expansion
with an attractive 'cosmological constant'.
Whilst experimental data predicts our universe to become a 5D de Sitter universe
because of an
apparent cosmic acceleration measured by Saul Permutter and Brian Schmidt
in 1998 in
supernovae type Ia data; the Holographic Principle favours the anti-de Sitter
spacetime for its
asymptotic boundary, located at 'infinity'.
QR predicts the measured acceleration as apparent, because of the 'intersection'
of the 10D
universe with itself in 11D as the OmniSpace Image.
Because the superposition of the hyperbolic and ellipsoidal curvatures result
in the measured
flatness, the Riemann-Spheres in OmniSpace selfintersect and result in 'overlapping'
spacetimes,
which can be analysed by cosmological redshift data, which is required to
be 'corrected' for the intersecting redshift intervals.
Needless to say, many present controversies regarding 'redshifts' are solved
in superposing the
higher dimensional analysis centred on an epoch specifying redshift called
the Arpian-Variation
Maximum by QR.
The redshift interval in question also coincides and elucidates a measurement
for an Alpha-Fine-
structure-Constant-Dip through John Webb (UNSW), who measured quasar spectra
of hydrogen
absorption lines on Mauna Kea, Hawaii with the 10m Keck telescope in 1998.
And the mathematical analysis for the Holographic Principle is in correlation
with QR.
A 5D anti-de Sitter spacetime is the object and is mapped as a 4D Minkowski
flat spacetime as its
own hologram.
The periphery of the 5D anti-de Sitter spacetime is its 'Boundary' as the
4D Riemann Hypersphere.
In OmniSpace however, the 5D is also the 11D, combining the 'Rotational' Degrees
of Freedom of HyperSpace with the 'Vibrational' Degrees of Freedom of 8D QuantumSpace to reconstitute the 2D LineSpace as
the 'Quantisational' Degrees of Freedom of 11D OmniSpace.
In other words, the 'infinite' boundary for the 5D anti-de Sitter spacetime
is also the 11D Witten-
Mirror, but now bounded by the Hubble-Friedmann-Radius of maximum curvature
as Rmax,
calculated by QR to be 16.89 Billion lightyears.
The 5D anti-de Sitter spacetime is ruled by 10D superstrings, again implying
the 11D identification
and the conformal mappings of the 4D spacetime onto the 5D spacetime relate
the entropies of
the two universes to each other.
It is found, that a Black Hole in 5D is equivalent to 'Hot Radiation' in 4D
as the hologram of the
Black Hole's entropy as thermodynamic entropy.
The source-entropy of outflow in 4D is found to precisely match the sink-entropy
of inflow in 5D.
4. Thermodynamic Entropy and Shannon Information
Consider a glass of water.
Thermodynamic Entropy seeks to describe the number of permutations, which
are possible between
the smallest constituents which comprise the isolated system (glass of water),
without changing the
overall state of that system.
The 'glass of water' then remains invariant macroscopically, but its microscopic
state of flux becomes
specified or measured by its entropy as the number of possible rearrangements
of those smallest
constituents, may those be molecules, atoms, subatomic particles or superstrings.
Thermodynamic Entropy is thus measured as effect of Avogadro's Constant (NAv),
relating the 'amount
of substance' as molarity in association with Boltzmann's Constant (k).
The universal Gas-Constant (R) at STP (Standard Temperature and Pressure)
so is R=kNAv.
Formal Information Theory originated in 1948 with American applied mathematician
Claude E. Shannon, who introduced BIT-Entropy as a measure for Information
Content.
Of course, we have already associated the BIT as an algorithmic representation
for the superstrings;
so Shannon Information automatically relates QR to a measurement of entropy.
How many BITS or BINARY DIGITS are required to encode a certain amount of
information?
Every modern communications device, ranging from cellular phones to modems
to CD players
rely on Shannon Entropy as a 'counting of the BITS'.
Thermodynamic Entropy is basically Energy/Temperature which has the units
of (k); whilst Shannon
Entropy is algorithmic and dimensionless.
A Silicon Computer Chip has dimensions of 1cubic centimetre and a mass of
less than a gram.
If this chip carries one Gigabyte of data (1 Byte=8 BITS), then the Shannon
Entropy is about 10^10,
whilst the Thermodynamic Entropy (at STP) is about 10^23 for common unitisation.
This vast difference is a consequence of the many different arrangements the
molecules and atoms
with their electrons can assume in their 'Degrees of Freedom' of the before
described modes of
translation, rotation and vibration.
Should we now reduce the atoms of the chip down to the superstrings, then
the thermodynamic entropy
would increase exponentially, yet this can be ignored in thermodynamics because
the individual quarks
and leptons remain in a sense invariant for the counting of the atomic states
under consideration.
But under the relativistic conditions of the Quantum Big Bang Cosmogenesis
and the Creation of the superstrings, all permuation states must be considered and this leads us into the Thermodynamic
Entropy of Black Holes and the LIMITS FOR INFORMATION DENSITY.
5. The Universal Entropy Bound (UEB) and the Holographic Entropy Bound (HB)
John Wheeler emphasized in the 1970's that the information 'falling' into
a Black Hole seems to
violate the second law of thermodynamics, stating that any isolated system
must increase its entropy or state of disorder.
This is the case, when one considers a Black Hole to be a highly ordered system,
just specified by its size and mass in the Schwarzschild solution obtained in GR's demetrication.
The work of Stephen Hawking (Cambridge University) and Demetrious Christodoulou
(then at Princeton under Wheeler's guidance), together with that of Jacob Bekenstein (then under Wheeler and now at Hebrew
University of Jerusalem) showed however that Black Holes must possess thermodynamic properties, as their characteristic size
or Event Horizon must always increase in area under merger.
Thus Bekenstein proposed in 1972, that the Black Hole's Entropy is proportional
to its Surface Area of its Event Horizon.
Thus the 'lost' entropy of the infalling matter or information is transformed
into Black Hole entropy as function of the Black Hole's Temperature.
So even in the case of a 'shrinking' Black Hole (emitting Hawking Radiation
in its 'getting hotter'), the emergent radiation retransmits the previously 'lost' entropy as 'found' disorder.
In 1986 Rafael D. Sorkin (Syracuse University) applied the 'Generalised Second
Law' (GSL)
in showing that it must be valid for all Black Hole processes down to the
superstring level.
Hawking's Radiation process then specifies the proportionality between entropy
and the Black Hole's Surface Area as precisely A/4, where area A is measured and quantised in Planck-Areas AP, with {AP=Goh/2pc^3
m^2=LP^2 and LP the Planck-Length}.
The entropy of a Black Hole the mass of the Earth (~6x10^24 kg) would be contained
in the Earth's Schwarzschild Radius of about 1.5 cm and a surface area of so 2.8x10^-3 cubicmetres,
which comprises about 6.5x10^66/4 =1.6x10^66 BITS as entropy counter.
The thermodynamic entropy for 1 litre of water (10^-3 cubic metres) is about
R/k or 6x10^23 BITS and it would take a 'cube of water' with a side of 1.3x10^14 metres to match the Earth's entropy as a
Black Hole equivalent just 3cm across.
This standard for water is used to define the Universal Entropy Bound or UEB.
We now consider the Holographic Entropy Bound or HB in any energy or matter
distribution as a spherical region of space as a Black Hole equivalence in inducing the contained matter distribution to collapse
to its boundary of the event horizon, quantised in Planck Areas as the Limit of Information Density given in BITS and representing
the mass-content as Black Hole parameter.
In such a scenario, the Shannon Entropy is equal to the Thermodynamic Entropy
as the HB.
So in adding more and more computer chips together, one obtains Entropy proportional
to the Surface Area of the computer chips 'pile' and NOT to the Volume of the 'pile'.
This counterintuitive result is a consequence of the Event Horizon specifying
the 'breakdown' of the matter distributions and not the volume it occupies.
The Bekenstein paper referenced tabulates the following comparative data for
the UEB and the HB with the size of the distributions plotted against the information capacity (in BITS) to give the linear
proportions:
Human Chromosome....................(1 micron, 10^9 BITS); UEB=10^23 BITS
& HB=10^58 BITS
Music CD......................................(10cm, 10^10 BITS); UEB=10^40
BITS & HB=10^68 BITS
Liter of Water as UEB Standard..(10cm, 10^23 BITS); UEB=10^40 BITS & HB=10^68
BITS
Library of Congress......................(10m, 10^15 BITS); UEB=10^52 BITS
& HB=10^73 BITS
Internet..........................................(6500km, 10^16 BITS); UEB=10^75
BITS & HB=10^85 BITS
Intersection of UEB and HB........(10^12 m, 10^100 BITS);UEB=HB=10^100 BITS
Universe (projected).....................(10^26 m, 10^150 BITS).
One should now point out, that the Bekenstein Intersection for the UEB and
the HB has a precise
counterpart in Quantum Relativity.
In QR the microscopic realm for the subatomic template is mapped onto the
macroscopic world of
the cosmogenesis, after the subatomic quark quantum geometry has itself become
magnified from the supermembrane epoch as exemplified in the quantisation of the classical Electron Radius in terms of the
parameters of the Weyl-Geodesic.
In particular, the cosmogenesis maps the neutron's beta decay onto the evolution
of the 10D universe as the hologram of the 11D universe.
Thus the time-and size-scales for the neutron are matched to what are known
as neutron stars in their primordial form of prototypical dineutron- or ylem-stars.
So called pulsars and magnetars are subsequent generations for the ylem stars.
In particular, the ylemic evolution defines the Higgs Bosonic Blueprint for
the restmass induction of the quark-leptonic families of the Standard Model in Particle Physics.
The Higgs-Bosonic template is characterised by certain spacetime markers,
which allow the nucleonic differentiation into quarks and leptons in a neutrinoic kernel, an inner mesonic ring and an outer
leptonic ring.
The Inner Mesonic Ring maps say markers G and F and the Outer Leptonic Ring
maps marker E; all as spacetime quanta counters.
One can now easily deduce that there will be an intersection of the Riemann-Hyperspheres
at those marker points (which were set in the de Broglie inflaton).
In the subatomic-nucleon template, this intersection corresponds to a precise
formulation for the neutrinoic kernel of the Higgs Bosonic Blueprint and defines the Tau-(anti)neutrino inertial mass induction
at centred on 3.00 eV (electronvolt).
The formulation for this restmass induction is given in the Scalar Higgs (anti)neutrino
as part of the Higgs Bosonic template: nHiggs=(lps.me/2p.Re){E/G-E/F}=0.052 eV and me the effective mass for the electron.
This result was experimentally confirmed in the Kamiokande, Japan neutrino
data of 1998.
The experiments measured the massinduction difference for muonic neutrinos
hitting the detectors from two different colinear directions, one of those neutrino pathways travelling tthrough the Earth's
interior and the other impeding directly from the sky.
This is the mean of the G and F markers in the cosmology, where the corresponding
distance scales are 3.39x10^11 m and 3.45x10^11 m respectively, with marker E setting 3.44x10^14 m.
For a local starsystem containing the planet Earth and centred on the star
Sol; those distances
refer to the Asteroid Belt at say 2.2 Astronomical Units (AU) from the Sun
and to the Kuiper-Belt as extent of the Solar System at 2,200 AU, bounded by the Oort Cloud in the linearisation factor of
2p further out.
Hence the entropy bound equivalence verifies QR in proposing that at the scale
of the asteroid belt, the cosmogenesis massinduced the scalar Higgs neutrino template as the MINIMUM scale for inertial mass
and predicting that the Universe as an entity is representable as a Black Hole equivalence from that minimum condition onwards.
Now this is precisely what QR has found in beginning the Neutron Star evolution
as the prototypical ylem stars at those spacetime markers of the accumulated spacetime quanta, which comprise the hypersphere
volumes in the cosmogenesis.
QR has derived a beautiful formulation for those ylem-stars as mass-independent
protostars, with the ylemic radii depending only on subatomic parameters as a function of the universe's temperature in its
Planck-Boson evolution as a macroquantised Black Body Radiator.
The formulation equates the equilibrium condition between the thermal outward
pressure with the gravitational inward pressure and is, with mc the prototypically finestructured nucleon-mass:
Rylem=Sqrt{kT.Re^3/Go.mc^2} m [Eq.#3]
But from the ylemic times, which map the neutron's beta decay in the G-F interval
of 19 seconds from about 2 minutes to 19 minutes of the timeinstanton at the 18 minute markers; the universe's Black Hole
evolution became initialised in the ylemic protostars which would allow further stellar generations to evolve and transform
into neutron stars, magnetars and Black Holes as a function of their masses and centred on the Chandrasekhar white dwarf upper
limit of 1.5 solar masses, which is a dimensionless form of the wormhole source-frequency fps and links to the solar cycles
of the magnetic fields generated by spinning masses as magnetocharged electricity forming mass equivalences.
6. The Cosmos as Information Processor and the FRW-Universe
The theoretical ultimate information capacity for any massive spherical energy
distribution
so INCREASES only with its Surface Area and not its Volume.
Because volume increases more rapidly as surface area, the Black Hole limit
shows that if the mass of a star collapses under its own gravity, then this is equivalent to information being mapped from
its 3D eigenstate onto its 2D eigenstate in a dimensional reduction forming the hologram of the higher dimension in the lower
dimension.
The Holographic Principle was first proposed by Gerard t'Hooft (University
of Utrecht) and Leonard Susskind in 1993 and fully supports (and explains) the Black Hole evolutionary scenario
under discussion.
The information content given by a 3D system of physical interaction can be
described by a 'surface physics' operating in the 2D boundary of the 3D system.
In the nomenclature of QR then, the information content of the 12D-Vafa-Sphere
is mapped onto its own boundary-mirror of the 11D-Witten-Sphere from without or within.
The nature of the Moebian connectivity however adds the smaller subspace of
the 10D universe as the information mapping onto the same hologram of 11D as the dem